1. Italy in the Renaissance Note the cities of Florence, Rome, Milan, Venice, and Urbino.

2. Sample pages from Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks (Some 15,000 such pages survive!)

3. Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, 1495-98 Painted on the wall of a refectory (dining hall) of a convent in Milan

4. Leonardo, Last Supper Actual-size early (c. 1520) copy of the Last Supper by Giampietrino, a close follower of Leonardo

5. Diagram of Last Supper showing orthogonals converging on the head of Christ

6. Christ gesturing toward a piece of bread and reaching for a glass of wine (“This is my body.... this is my blood”; Matthew 26)

7. Andrea del Castagno, Last Supper (c. 1450) High Renaissance vs. Early Renaissance

8. Details of Andrea del Castagno’s Last Supper

9. CastagnoLeonardo

10. Stanza della Segnatura (“Room of the Signature”) in the Vatican Palace, Rome. Originally the study of Pope Julius II: nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and patron of Raphael, Michelangelo, and Bramante. Raphael painted it from 1508 to 1511. Frescoes by Raphael representing the four principal fields of Renaissance learning: Philosophy Theology Poetry (or Literature) Law

11. The School of Athens (“Philosophy”)

12. Plato and Aristotle: the two most important ancient Greek philosophers School of Athens Note: Plato holds a copy of his treatise Timaeus (labeled TIMEO); Aristotle holds a copy of his Ethics (labeled ETICA).

13. Detail

14. Another detail

15. Detail: Diogenes and others

16. Detail: Pythagoras and others, including Pope Julius’s nephew, Francesco Maria della Rovere

17. Detail: “spherical” group of figures, including Bramante—the great High Renaissance architect—in the guise of the philosopher-mathematician Euclid.

18. Detail including Raphael’s self-portrait

19. Detail including Raphael’s self-portrait Contemporary statements about the nature of painting: Leonardo: Painting is una cosa mentale (“a mental thing”) Michelangelo: Si dipinge col cervello, e non con le mani (“you paint with your brain, and not with your hands”) Contrast these statements with the one Italians made about Flemish painting: “The northerners have their brains in their hands” – hanno il cervello nelle mani.

20. Frescoes in the “Room of Galatea” in the Villa Farnesina, Rome A villa is a rural or suburban residence: a sort of country estate. The Villa Farnesina was originally owned by Agostino Chigi, banker to three successive Renaissance popes. Raphael, Galatea, c. 1513

21. Botticelli, Birth of Venus, c. 1485 Early Renaissance vs. High Renaissance

22. Detail Raphael, Galatea

23. Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece, 1526 Raphael, Galatea, c. 1513

24. Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece, 1526 Masaccio, Trinity, c. 1425 Early Renaissance vs. High Renaissance

25. Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece Detail

26. Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece Detail: members of the Pesaro family