1. The Renaissance 1350-1550 Renaissance is a Rebirth of European Culture and Recovery the 14 th Century Revival of Ancient Greek and Roman Cultures

2. Italian City-States Lorenzo de Medici Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, Papal States Ancient history was rich in Italy Italian City States were centers of Trade They were ran by wealthy merchants or families Milan- Sforza Family Florence- Medici Family & Banking Industry Many young artists and students traveled to Italy to absorb the Knowledge of the New Age This new movement migrated across Europe Venice

3. Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli New Politics: Renaissance time period marks the beginning of a new age of Monarchs Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince: How to rule effectively How to keep one’s power Rejected morality as the number one motive of a ruler Keeping power becomes goal of every ruler “Better to be Feared than Loved”

4. Petrarch Humanism Humanism- Grammar, Rhetoric, History, Poetry, Literature Petrarch 1304-1374 Considered First Man of the Renaissance -Recognized the era as a New Age -Revived forgotten works -Interest in Civic Duty Erasmus 1466-1536 Christian Humanism -Dutch Monk -Humanist application of the Bible -“A Praise of Folly” -Criticized the church & its practice Thomas More “Utopia” -Describes perfect Renaissance Society -Contrasted society with an ideal yet imaginary community called Utopia -Later executed and named a Saint by Church

5. Baldassare Castiglione Renaissance Life Society- Clergy, Nobility, Peasants Baldassare Castiglione- “The Courtier” A guide book for proper manners of noble people The Renaissance cultural revolution was a movement of the elite Commoners were 85-90% of the population Parents often continued to arrange marriages Dominant role of the male in society and family Lots of physical work for most people Most lived in small roofed houses with little furniture Straw sacks for beds and “bed bugs” Diets became more varied through trade “Renaissance Man” is a man of the New Age of learning

6. Superstition Witch Burning Belief in Superstition -Christian in faith, but wanted some explanation for daily events Witchcraft -Some called Good witches or wise people -Others called Bad witches (made deal with Satan) -Accusations mostly centered on women Witch hunting begins

7. Early Print Shop Learning Advances -Few people could read but printing expanded -Moveable Type and Printing Press -Johannes Gutenberg around 1450 -Stimulated Literacy -Almanacs -Religious Works -Gutenberg Bible Superstitions start to fade with the Renaissance Self-sufficiency declines as people move to cities Governments play larger role in people’s lives

8. Gutenberg Bible

9. Renaissance Art Perspective- Creating depth, Objects in background get smaller with distance Realism- Space and Light, Realistic portraits Leonardo da Vinci -Mona Lisa -Last Supper -Architecture -Machines -Medicine Michelangelo -David -Pieta -Sistine Chapel -St. Peter’s Other Artists: -Raphael -Donatello -Ghiberti -Van Eyck -Durer -Botticelli

10. Architecture & Literature of the Renaissance Shakespeare Brunelleschi- was one of the foremost architects and engineers Brunelleschi's dome for the Duomo of Florence Geoffrey Chaucer- Helped shape English literature The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by fictional pilgrims on the road to the cathedral at Canterbury William Shakespeare- English playwright and poet Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth

11. la Pieta Mona Lisa

13. The Reformation Causes of the Reformation: -Calls for Reform -Questions about Church Authority -Great Schism -Church Immorality -Clerical Ignorance Indulgences: -Church authorized sale of Indulgences to raise funds and to help sinners -Indulgences were a method of penance for one’s sins

14. Johann Tetzel “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” Tetzel is very animated of what will happen to souls who burn in purgatory. People can purchase these for themselves or their family members. John Tetzel was a monk authorized to sell indulgences on behalf of the church Tetzel begins selling indulgences to people in Wittenberg Germany

15. Martin Luther Martin Luther was a German monk and religious professor in Wittenberg Luther began to question his salvation through intense study of the Bible Martin Luther objects to the sale of salvation through indulgences -Salvation only possible through faith -It is a gift from God -Salvation can not be won or bought Believed it would corrupt the true faith 1517, Luther writes letter to church authorities “95 Theses” -Posted on the door of the Church

16. Reformation- 95 Theses Luther’s objections soon become public debate Challenged Church tradition and office of the Papacy By 1519, Luther expands controversy by rejecting the authority of the Pope In 1521, Luther banned and ex-communicated from the Church Luther’s own peasant background made him a hero of the people Led to a Rise in Vernacular Religion Luther translated Bible into German English version developed Expanded participation & Member Knowledge Increased Educational Opportunities

17. Diet of Worms Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) summons Luther Diet of Worms, 1521 -Luther refuses to recant his beliefs and is deemed an outlaw -Luther is protected by local lords -Lutheranism grows quickly in Northern Europe War breaks out over religion throughout Germany Peace of Augsburg, 1555 -Each local ruler chooses his religion for his people

18. John Calvin Ulrich Zwingli New Movement Influenced by ideas of Luther and Ulrich Zwingli Zwingli led a Protestant movement in Switzerland -Very close to Luther in most beliefs -Worship should be based on Scripture -Attacked Church traditions, wanted to get rid of Relics -Zwingli is later killed in religious warfare in Switzerland but his religious reform continued Calvinism: -Calvin described a totally new branch of Christian beliefs -Stressed the bible -Theory of Predestination -All Powerful God, Weakness of Humans -Citizens lives were strictly controlled -Church & State were the same -Model for later groups like Presbyterians, Huguenots & Puritans

19. Anabaptists - Rejected Calvin’s idea of Predestination -Belief in Free Will & Adult Baptism -Belief in Separation of Church & Society -Equality of all members led to group with no organized hierarchy -Elected own minister from among the believers -Strong belief in pacifism -Led to development of later groups such as Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, Baptists Baptizing in the Jordan

20. English Reformation -Became more of a political movement -King Henry VIII wanted a male heir & desired a divorce -Severed attachment to Papacy and established Church of England (Supremacy Act) -Not all agreed with motives -Thomas More is Beheaded -Confiscation of Church Lands -Henry’s daughter, Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) tried to return Catholicism -Elizabeth I brought order and Church of England Did not reject all of Church tradition http://tudorhistory.org/wives/

21. Council of Trent Counter Reformation Reform began as a reaction to the Reformation movement Several Popes were slow to reform for personal reasons -Lavish Living -Fear of Lost Powers -Schism Society of Jesus or Jesuits -Ignatius Layola -Strict Loyalty to Papacy & Military like Hierarchy -Missionary Efforts & Renewed vows of Poverty Council of Trent- 1545-1563 Long Awaited Council of Reform Reaffirmed Catholic Traditions -Scripture & Tradition -Faith & Good Works -Seven Sacraments -Forbade selling Indulgences Effectively formalized the split of the Church into Catholic and Protestant Groups

22. The Inquisition http://vimeo.com/5080173