1. English nouns (Ch 1) Proper : China, Uppsala, Per, Google, Monday, July, Christmas Countable : bike, laptop, shoe (for article ‘a/an’ see 1.35) Uncountable : milk, snow, sand

2. Plural forms (1.3-1.11) Regular brother/brothers Note spelling: family/families, bush/bushes Irregular woman/women foot/feet life/lives sheep/sheep

3. Always singular (1.13) Physics is tricky but politics is interesting. Maths deals a lot with problem-solving. The US(A) is a big country. The UN has 193 members.

4. Always plural (1.14) clothes and tools consisting of two parts: These trousers/scissors/glasses are cheap. people and police The police are out in the streets. There were lots of people in the classroom. other common nouns: stairs, steps, contents, customs, manners

5. Logical plurals (1.17) two or more people/things/parts involved : We must change buses/trains. Could we switch places? The pupils shook their heads. The men shook hands. Logical singular Ten miles is a long way to walk. 50,000 people is a big crowd.

6. The Genitive (1.18-1.25) -s with apostrophe for people and most animals Examples singular: Mark’s bike, the girl’s father, James’(s) shirt, the dog’s tail plural: the boys’ mother, the men’s room, the children’s department

7. -s with apostrophe often for places and time expressions Examples: Britain’s best pubs, New York’s tallest building, yesterday’s paper, last year’s best song

8. the of- construction for things/objects; non living nouns Examples: the roof of the house the pages of the book the start of the lesson *****

9. Uncountables [U] cannot be counted or have ‘a/an’ normally only have one form (no –s) can only be combined with: –singular verbs (e.g.‘is/was/has/does) –singular pronouns (e.g.‘it/this/that’) quantity: much, little, some Examples: music, coffee, advice, news

10. [U] in English – [C] in Swedish (1.30) Examples advice, furniture, evidence, news, money –This furniture is nice but it has cost a fortune. –He gave me some good advice and I took it. –Where is my money? I can’t find it. –We had a lot of homework, but I did it all. to express number: a piece of, a word of

11. Both [U] and [C] but difference in meaning (1.28) [U][C] worka work/several works haira hair/hairs papera paper/papers cheesea cheese/cheeses

12. Articles The indefinite article (1.35-1.38) a – before consonant sound an – before vowel sound Examples: a lionan elephant a yearan hour a nice auntan angry cat

13. Use the indefinite article for: profession: He’s a primary school teacher. nationality: She’s a Swede. (also: She’s Swedish) member of a social group: She’s a Muslim. He’s a Democrat. Are you a vegetarian?

14. Some common phrases: have a headachehave a fever in a bad moodin a loud voice one at a timesend an e-mail what a pityin a hurry

15. The definite article (1.39 -) Use for something specific (the chair, the pupils in my class) seas, rivers, mountain ranges, newspapers some countries/groups of islands: the UK, the US, the Netherlands, the West Indies, the Canaries the Internet, the UN, the EU

16. Don’t use for talking about something in a general sense Examples: Children are our future. Teachers should have higher salaries. Animals should be treated with respect. Society must show that it cares. History can tell us a lot about the present.

17. Sum up Types of nouns Singular – plural Countable – uncountable The genitive The indefinite article The definite article Powerpoint slides on course website