1. Scientific Revolution Chapter 15, Lesson 1 EQ: Why do new ideas often spark change?

2. Academic Vocabulary Geocentric Heliocentric
Universal law of gravitation
Rationalism
Scientific method
Inductive reasoning

3. Bell Ringer
 How have people built upon the ideas and inventions discovered during the Scientific Revolution?

4. What brings about the Scientific Revolution?
Growth of Universities
Italian Renaissance
Renewed emphasis on mathematics
Better scientific instruments
Interest in the Islamic World

5. Influence of Mathematics on the Scientific Revolution
European Middle Ages thinkers relied on ancient philosophers, and didn’t make observations of the natural world.
Renaissance humanists changed that when they discover ancient works that challenged ancient philosophers.
Renaissance thinkers believed that mathematics was the key to understanding the nature of things in the universe

6. A Revolution in Astronomy
European interest in astronomy led to new discoveries and ideas about Earth and its place in the universe.

7. The Ptolemaic System (100s AD)
What are the key points of the Ptolemaic system?
• Geocentric model: Earth is the center of the universe
Planets rotate around Earth.
• The rotation of the spheres makes the heavenly bodies rotate about Earth.
• God exists outside the universe, beyond the outermost sphere

8. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
• Astronomer and mathematician
• Disagreed with Ptolemy—believed the sun was the center of the universe Heliocentric Theory (sun-centered theory)
• Through his theory of the universe, influenced other scientists of Scientific Revolution
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)

9. Johannes Kepler ( )
• Astronomer and mathematician
• Discovered that planets have elliptical orbits around sun
• Worked out laws governing speeds of planetary orbits
• Built on Copernican theory, providing basis for discoveries of future astronomers

10. Believed knowledge could only be found by experimenting
Galileo Galilei ( )
Believed knowledge could only be found by experimenting
Believed scientific instruments needed to be perfected to help humans explore their world
Clock, telescope
• Italian astronomer and mathematician
• Discovered moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on Earth’s moon
• Formulated law of falling bodies, revolutionizing study of motion by allowing scientists to analyze and predict movements of everything from cannonballs to planets
Galileo reached the conclusion that bodies fall on the surface of the earth at a constant acceleration, and that the force of gravity which causes all bodies to move downward is a constant force.

11. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
• The universal law of gravitation is one of Newton’s three rules of motion.
• It explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because of a force called gravity.
• The law applies on Earth and everywhere else in the universe.
Provided basis for idea that universe functions like a huge machine, according to natural laws

12. Rene Descartes and Rationalism
New ideas about the universe brought about by the Scientific Revolution strongly changed the view about mankind.
Descartes, a French philosopher came up with a philosophy that influenced the way we think.
Start with doubt, but it is certain (I exist)  Accept only those things that reason said were truth
“I think, therefore I am”
Matter (stuff around you) and Mind are separate, thus we can investigate using reason
Father of modern rationalism

13. Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method
How did Bacon, an English philosopher, contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
• Developed scientific method
o Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
o Crucial to the evolution of modern science
• Advocated inductive reasoning
o Reasoning from particulars to generalities
o Begins with set of detailed facts
o From them, derives general principle or explanation

14. Classwork: pg. 273, Ch
Review Questions
#1, 3, 4, 5, 6

15. Early Scientists
Ancient Greeks had science based on reason (“common sense”); however, they did not experiment.
As they study the world they developed theories, ideas on how something happens based on observations.
Ptolemy (astronomer) created the geocentric theory = sun and planets revolved around the Earth.

18. A Revolution in Science
In 1500s Europeans thinkers began to break with the old scientific ideas.
Science can only be understood through experimentation.
Led to a revolution in science and the search for knowledge.

19. Galileo Galilei Italian scientist Catholic Church condemned him
Bible= Earth central of universe
Galileo disagrees

20. New Scientific Discoveries
Scientific revolution led to new discoveries in physics, medicine, and chemistry
Scientific revolution continued to spread in the 1600s and 1700s.

21. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) English mathematician
Puts the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo together
Argues for a universe governed by natural laws
Principia (1687)
Laws of gravity
Gravity holds all the planets in the solar system together
His works led to the creation of Physics

22. The Triumph of Reason
Using the scientific method, Europeans of the 1600s and 1700s developed new ideas about society.
Scientists began to apply science to society.
By using reason people could learn how the universe works.
Once they know how the world works, then humans can fix existing problems and make life better.

23. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French thinker Discourse on Method (1637)
Forget everything you learn to find “truth”
“I think therefore I am” is the only truth!!
Mathematics was source of all scientific truth
Father of rationalism = the belief that reason is the source of knowledge

24. Francis Bacon ( )
Father of the Scientific Method = an orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence
Ideas on traditions should be put aside, and emphasized useful knowledge

25. Activity: Layered book of Scientists
Create a book of Scientists.
Each scientist name must include
Name of scientist
Nation of birth
Discoveries
Image associated to his discovery
Scientists: Nicolas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton, Rene Descartes, Francis Bacon

27. Activity: Compare and Contrast
Read a Revolution in Astronomy

28. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution
Rise of the “Scientific Community”
--Royal Society of London (1662)
--Academy of Royal Sciences (1666)
The modern scientific method
A universe ordered according to natural laws