1. Scientific Revolution Essential Question: What developments during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance contributed to the Scientific Revolution of the 17 th Century?

2. Roots of Modern Science 400-1400 AD –Middle Ages What is true and false came from –Greek –Romans –Bible Geocentric theory: earth is the center of the universe –Comes from Ptolemy and Aristotle and reinforced by Christianity

3. Before Da Vinci most famous But no one knows at his time! – not until 20 th cent are notebooks published Isolated genius, ideas died with him –Science will come to depend on transmission of ideas, where others can build on what someone has started

4. Before cont. Montaigne – French essayist (1533-1592) “what do I know” – “nothing” Tolerant, humane, broadminded outlook Still tendency to believe mysterious, supernatural, b/c people couldn’t tell diff.

5. Effects of Science 1.Science as a form of thought 1.One of the greatest human achievements 2.Affected practical affairs 1.Size of population 2.Production transportation, business 3.Helped problems/ created problems 3.Science becomes a philosophy, almost a religion 1.Freud, Einstein, Darwin 2.Changed ideas of religion, God & humans

6. Revolutionary Model of the Universe Heliocentric Theory: developed by Nicolaus Copernicus –(1543) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies Stars, earth and planets revolve around the sun –Other scientists built on this foundation Johannes Kepler Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

7. Galileo Galilei Builds 1 st telescope to study astronomy in 1609 –1632 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Finding supports Copernican theory 1633 stands trial before the Pope Under threat of torture states Copernicus’s finding were false Remained under house arrest until his death in 1642 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

8. Sir Francis Bacon Inductive and deductive methods –Inductive – from concrete to abstract –Deductive – draw logical implications from what we already know Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

9. Sir Francis Bacon Look at world with fresh eyes Empiricism – founding of knowledge on observation & experience –Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas : Science should improve people’s lives Should experiment and then develop conclusions Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

10. René Descartes 1596-1650 –Mathematician –Developed analytical geometry (linking of algebra and geometry) –Everything should be doubted until proved by reason All the world reduced to a mathematical formula René Descartes “I think, therefore I am.” Rene Descartes 1596-1650

11. Reasonable doubt –Doubt everything, sweep away past ideas Cogito ergo sum “I think therefore I exist” Used systematic reasoning for the existence of God Dualism – two kinds of reality in one universe –Mind spirit consciousness –Everything outside the mind René Descartes “I think, therefore I am.” Rene Descartes 1596-1650

12. Bacon and Descartes Credited with discovering scientific method Questioned human knowledge Everything but religion was dumb, needed rethinking Ridiculed trusting ancient books Aristotelian ideas of starting something then finding proof to back it up is stupid! Advent of scientific civilization Modern scientific method is based on ideas of Bacon and Descartes

13. Sir Isaac Newton Brought together breakthroughs of past scientists 1687 The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy –Established the laws of gravity –Laws of universe can be expressed through mathematics –God was the creator of this universe Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

15. The Scientific Revolution Spreads 1590 Zacharias Janssen –Invents microscope Leads to the observation of bacteria Andreas Vesalius –(1543) On the Structure of the Human Body Publishes observations of dissected human corpses Edward Jenner –Produced worlds first vaccination for small pox in late 1700’s

16. Robert Boyle –(1661) The Skeptical Chemist Discovers law that explains the “characteristics of gases” –Considered to be the founder of modern Chemistry These same notions of reason and order eventually led to political science