1. Science & Exploration

2. Scientific Revolution Roger Bacon: it’s ok to experiment w/ science! (1200s) Scientific Method: math, instruments, & experiments Copernicus: heliocentric theory (1543) Ptolemy’s geocentric model had previously prevailed

4. Science Johannes Kepler Proved Copernicus right w/ math Galileo Galilei Telescope! Inquisition w/ Church (1632) Guilty of heresy, forced to recant Isaac Newton Laws of GRAVITY and MOTION

6. Science Vesalius: Studied human body Harvey: Blood circulation Descartes: “I think, therefore I am” Francis Bacon: Scientific Method Boyle: chemistry & gases

7. Exploring Improved mapmaking Compass invented Caravel replaces old ship designs Commercial Revolution International trade/banking Joint-stock companies Monarchs support exploration

8. Mercantilism Country should increase wealth any way possible Colonies established Usually could only buy from home country Tariffs (taxes) on imports Government subsidizes business ventures Myths of wealth drive exploration (El Dorado)

9. Colonies Countries hunt for raw materials/mineral wealth Could only sell w/ home country Could not manufacture goods Overcrowding in Europe led to exploration Promise of wealth and knowledge overseas drew colonists

10. Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator Sent expeditions to Africa c. 1400s Charted seas, claimed colonies, began to trade Bartolomeu Dias 1488- Sails around Cape of Good Hope to Indian Ocean Vasco da Gama 1498- sails to India & opens trade

11. Vasco da Gama

12. Tower of Belem, Portugal

14. Spain Ferdinand & Isabella want to compete w/ Portugal Christopher Columbus 1492- Lands in Caribbean seeking route to India Makes 3 more trips

15. Columbian Exchange

16. Dividing the World Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), Spain & Portugal

17. Explorers Amerigo Vespucci (Italy) Realizes “New World” isn’t Asia (1497-1504) Gets America named after him Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Spain) Crosses Panama, sees Pacific Ocean (1513) Executed by rival Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal) Names Pacific Ocean, tries sailing around world Dies in Philippines (1521), but one ship & 18 men return (1522)

18. Slave Trade Portugal starts w/ African sugar plantations Native Americans devastated by diseases Dutch, English, & French begin trade by 1600 Reached height in 1700s, early 1800s