1. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 10 Infection Control

2. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Definitions Infection control Infectious disease Pathogens

3. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Signs and Symptoms of Infections Generalized or systemic –Affecting whole body Localized –Affecting one area of body

4. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question Which of the following may be signs or symptoms of a localized infection? A.Fever, headache, and increased pulse rate B.Vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue C.Red, swollen, draining wound

5. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer C. Red, swollen, draining wound Localized –Affecting one area of body –Signs and symptoms: Red, swollen, and warm to touch area Drainage Pain

6. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer C. Red, swollen, draining wound Generalized or systemic infection may cause fever, headaches, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased pulse and respirations

7. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Microbiology Microscope Microbiology Germ theory Communicable or contagious disease Contaminated Normal flora (continued)

8. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Microbiology Immune response Antibiotic Opportunistic infection Aerobic Anaerobic Hosts (continued)

9. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Microbiology Symbiosis Neutralism Parasitic Parasite Microbes

10. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question True or False: –Microorganisms that are aerobic require oxygen to live.

11. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer True Aerobic microorganisms –Require oxygen to live Anaerobic microorganisms –Do not require oxygen to live

12. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Microbes Bacteria Viruses Fungi Rickettsia Protozoa

13. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Video Click Here to Play The Pathogens Video

14. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question True or False: –Protozoa are the smallest of the microbes.

15. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer False Viruses –Smallest microbes

16. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chain of Infection Infectious agent Reservoir host Portal of exit Route of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host (continued)

17. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chain of Infection

18. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Defense Mechanisms Cilia Cough and sneeze Tears Hydrochloric acid Mucous membranes Rise in body temperature Increase in leukocytes

19. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Scope of the Problem Nosocomial infection Industrial illness Needlestick injuries Handwashing –Most important procedure for preventing health care-acquired infections

20. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Infection Control Regulatory agencies –CDC –OSHA

21. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question True or False: –A patient is admitted to the hospital for an infected leg. This would be called a nosocomial infection.

22. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer False Nosocomial infection –Infection occurs while patient receiving health care

23. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Asepsis –Also known as aseptic technique Medical asepsis –Clean technique Surgical asepsis –Sterile technique

24. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Breaking the Chain of Infection Breaking just one link stops infection Six elements summarized –Source of infecting microorganism –Means of transmission –Susceptible host

25. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How to Break Chain Decrease source of microorganisms –Wash hands –Decontaminate surfaces and equipment –Avoid contact when contagious Prevent transmission of microorganisms –Wear personal protective equipment (PPE) –Follow isolation precautions (continued)

26. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How to Break Chain Maximize resistance –Provide good hygiene –Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake –Decrease stressors that weaken immune response

27. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question True or False: –The chain of infection must be kept intact to stop an infection from being transmitted.

28. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer False Breaking chain of infection prevents transmission

29. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Normal Flora Transient flora Resident flora Standard precautions Handwashing –Removes transient flora –Diminishes resident flora

30. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Animation Click Here to Play The Infection Control Animation

31. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Standard Precautions Follow at all times Potential fluid sources of microbes: –Blood –Body fluids, secretions, and excretions Except sweat –Nonintact skin (continued)

32. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Standard Precautions Potential fluid sources of microbes: –Mucous membranes –Any identified body fluids Handwashing PPE Patient-care equipment (continued)

33. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Standard Precautions Environmental control Linen Needle handling and disposal

34. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Isolation Transmission-based precautions –Airborne –Droplet –Contact Neutropenic Consequences to patient, staff, and visitors Impact on facility

35. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question Which of the following activities is the most critical in preventing the spread of infections? A.Wearing gloves B.Wiping down surfaces C.Handwashing

36. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer C. Handwashing Number one prevention tool: –Good handwashing

37. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Methods to Inhibit or Destroy Microbes Bacteriostatic Bactericidal or germicidal Antiseptics Disinfectants Sterilization

38. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Surgical Asepsis Also known as sterile technique Eliminates presence of pathogens from objects and areas Sterile field

39. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Video Click Here to Play The Sterile Gloves and the Sterile Field Video

40. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Risks Blood-borne pathogens –Hepatitis B –HIV –Tuberculosis (TB) –Drug-resistant infections

41. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question Which of the following methods are bacteriostatic? A.Sterilization B.Using an antiseptic for cleaning C.Using a disinfectant for cleaning

42. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer B. Using an antiseptic for cleaning Bacteriostatic –Methods that only inhibit growth of microorganisms What antiseptic does Bactericidals kill microorganisms –Include sterilization and disinfectants

43. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hepatitis Virus Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E

44. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Human Immunity Virus HIV and AIDS –Carriers –Transmission –Symptoms –Treatment –Prevention

45. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. TB Airborne pathogen Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis No prevention Skin test give for detection Latent TB infection and TB disease Still problematic in U.S. Drug-resistant strains developing

46. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question Which of the following patients would test positive with a TB screening test? A.Latent TB infection B.Active TB disease C.Both latent TB infection and active TB disease

47. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer C. Both latent TB infection and active TB disease Both latent TB infection and active TB disease will test positive –But only someone with active TB disease can transmit it to others

48. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Infectious Organisms Bird flu –Avian influenza Mad cow disease –Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) West Nile virus Swine flu –H1N1 influenza

49. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug-Resistant Organisms Developed from overuse of antibiotics Developed from patients who do not complete antibiotic treatment (continued)

50. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Drug-Resistant Organisms Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) –Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) –Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)

51. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Question Which of the following diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes? A.West Nile virus B.Mad cow disease C.H1N1

52. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Answer A. West Nile virus West Nile virus –Transmitted by mosquitoes Mad cow disease –Presumably transmitted by eating infected meat H1N1 –Primarily transmitted human-to-human

53. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reporting Exposure Must immediately report any exposure to blood or body fluids Write incident or injury report Refer to Exposure Control Plan