1. Who is dealing with urbanisation? And how? From systems to culture? Associate Professor Carsten Jahn Hansen Danish national contact point in the ESPON and PLANNORD research networks Urban and Regional Planning research group (URP) & Danish Centre for Spatial Planning (DCSP) at Aalborg University, Denmark

2. The context: Land use governance reforms in Denmark in 2007 and 2014, and the emergence of business regions Land use  Visions and strategies   Business Regions? (c) Carsten Jahn Hansen

3. Planning and land use governance -an obstacle to growth? The role of planning and land use governance has changed -from rule-based authority to partnerships and helping others to act -from welfare distribution planning to growth-oriented strategy-making Less…More… Facilitation! Trust-based relations! Flexible and collaborative governance Networks and Alliances Authority-based governing and regulation Framework management and control (c) Carsten Jahn Hansen

4. More attention to… Creating opportunities ’Markets’ for urban development Shaping and illustrating expectations © Both photos: Visit Aalborg

5. CULTURE has been ‘discovered’ as a development resource Policy and planning processes Policy communities / political- administrative cultures Cultural communities / wider social or local cultures ”The municipality’s role as facilitator for public-private collaboration is becoming increasingly important for the development of the city… …It provides everybody with a sense of what is going on… it builds on motivation rather than rules.” (Aalborg Planner and Project Manager) (c) Carsten Jahn Hansen

6. The essential role of ‘trust’ Trust is the ‘cement’ or ‘glue’ in urban and land use governance However, what and whom do we trust? Rational-calculative trust (mutually added benefits) -based on agreements or contracts Interpersonal trust -based on social capital and personal contact Trust in expert systems -based on knowledge and professional modes of working Trust in values or norms -sharing broader values or ideas ‘Thinner’ trust ‘Thicker’ trust ‘Trust because there is an agreement (incl. regulation)’ ‘Because I trust you’ ‘Because I trust the expertise or institution’ ‘Because I trust your goals and values’ (c) Carsten Jahn Hansen

7. Culture of ‘building trust’ “ Show and enact genuine interest in the realities and values of other” “Be humble or modest and keep your word and appointments” “Get out and away from the desk” “Act with openness, transparency and in appropriate ways” Is it possible to develop a ‘culture of building trust’ and urban planners as ‘authorised networkers’?  Culture is the manager when you are not there! (c) Carsten Jahn Hansen

8. Concluding remarks on ‘how to govern’ – and what is success anyway? From systems to culture From place-neutral to place-based approaches. What happens when everybody uses place-based approaches? Is it really better? For whom and for what? More efficient? More effective? Are locals always right? Combining the cultures of locals and professionals Can planners challenge their own culture? Do we have the culture to solve big problems? Culture produced climate change! (c) Carsten Jahn Hansen