1. Skeletal System

2. Bones of the handBones of the pelvis

3. Skeletal System

4. Functions of the skeletal system Framework Support/protect internal organs Body movement Provides leverage for lifting and movement Produces RBCs and some WBCs Stores majority of body’s calcium supply

5. Bone Composition & Growth Osteoblasts: Cells in bone tissue produce new cells Osteoclasts: Cells that break bone cells down Re-absorb

6. Accessory Structures Cartilage: On end surfaces to prevent friction Ligaments Attaches bone to bone Tendons Attaches muscle to bone

7. Axial skeleton Consists of Skull Spinal column Ribs Sternum

8. Appendicular skeleton Upper extremities Shoulder girdle Lower extremities Pelvic girdle

9. Four groups of bone Long Length is greater than the width Femur Short Blocky bones Similar length/width Wrist (carpal) and ankle (tarsal ) bones

10. Four groups of bone Flat Composed of two layers compact bone with spongy bone between them scapula and skull Irregular Bones of complex shape and structure Facial and vertebrae bones

11. Bones of the Skull Cranium(skull) : encloses the brain Frontal forehead Parietal Roof and upper sides of cranium Occipital Posterior floor and walls of cranium Temporal Sides and base of cranium

12. Bones of the Skull Mandible Lower jaw bone Only moveable bone Maxilla Upper jaw bone

13. Thorax Rib cage Ribs Sternum Thoracic vertebra True ribs Attached to sternum False ribs Attached to ribs above Floating ribs Attached to vertebrae only

14. Spinal Column Vertebral column 26 vertebrae Types of vertebrae Cervical  neck Thoracic  Chest Lumbar  Lower back  Largest and strongest

15. Spinal Column Sacrum Triangular shaped Base of spine Coccyx Tail bone End of spine

16. Structures of the Long Bone

17. Bone Tissue Compact bone Hard dense part of bone Cancellous Loosely packed or spongy

18. Structures of bones Long Bone Diaphysis Long shaft of bone Epiphysis Ends of long bone Medullary canal Cavity w/in long bone Contains either yellow or red marrow

19. Structures of bones Tissues of a bone Periosteum Outer covering of bone Layer promote bone growth nutrition, and repair Endosteum Lines medullary canal

20. Structures of bones Bone marrow Red bone marrow Manufactures RBCs & WBCs Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, scapula, long bones Yellow bone marrow Functions as fat storage

21. Blood cells Erythrocytes Carry O2 and CO2 Leukocytes Fight infection Thrombocytes clotting

22. Bone Markings Four major types of bone markings Projections bulge from a bone and attach to muscles, ligaments, and tendons Openings are holes or spaces in bones Depressions include openings and cavities in bone Ridges are lines on a bone surface

23. Joints Articulation and Movement

24. Joints Two or more bones join together Three types of joints: Immovable (synarthrosis) Cranium Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) Pelvis Freely movable (diarthrosis)

25. Freely Moveable Joints (Synovial) Freely movable Pivot joint Allow rotation on single axis Base of skull Ball and socket wide range of movement in many directions Hips and shoulders Hinge joints Allows movement in one direction or plane (bend and straighten) Knees and elbows

26. Freely Moveable Joints  Saddle joint  Convex and concave surface fit together  Thumb  Gliding joint  Two surfaces meet with motion limited by tissues and ligaments  Wrist and ankle

27. Synovial fluid Lubrication for joints smooth movement of joints Acts as shock absorber Meniscus Fluid-filled disc Reduces friction Bursa Sac lined with synovial membrane Reduces friction

28. Disorders of the Skeletal System

29. Disorders of the Skeletal System Osteomyelitis Severe inflammation of bone and bone marrow Cause: bacterial infection Osteoporosis Calcium and phosphorous deficiencies Bones porous and fracture easily Occurs in mainly in women as they age

30. Disorders of the Skeletal System Arthritis Inflammation of the joint Bursitis Inflammation of the bursa

31. Disorders of the Skeletal System Gout Accumulation of uric acid crystals in a joint

32. Disorders of the Skeletal System Dislocation Separation of a joint Sprain Injury to soft tissues of a joint, Symptoms: inability to move, deformity, and pain

33. Fractures Disruption of the bone tissue Incomplete fracture Fracture lines does not extend through bone Complete fracture Fracture lines goes all the way through bone

34. Fractures Comminuted fractures Bone broken in several places and splinters of bone can be embedded in surrounding tissue

35. Fractures Compression fracture Bone collapses due to disruption of bone tissue Usually in vertebrae

36. Fractures Greenstick fracture Incomplete break that occurs almost exclusively in children Hairline fracture in adults

37. Fractures Compound: Causes disruption of skin and soft tissue Fragment of bone punctures skin Often complicated by infection

38. Fracture treatment Reduction of fractures Manipulation to restore correct anatomical position

39. Fracture treatment Open reduction  surgical incision to expose fracture site  Bone realigned and position with internal fixation (rods, plates, screws) Closed reduction  Local or general anesthesia may be used  Manipulate bone back into normal position

40. Fracture treatment Immobilization with a cast or splint Alleviates muscle spasm around fracture site

41. Tractions Applies to a pin inserted through distal bone fragment and pulling forces helps return overriding one fragments to normal anatomical position Used until healing takes place or Until internal fixation can be performed

42. Diagnostic Tests for the Skeletal System

43. Diagnostic Tests for bones Bone density studies Method of determining how porous bone is Bone marrow biopsy Extraction of a small amount of bone marrow for microscopic examination Bone scan Nuclear medicine procedure Detects amount of radiant energy released from the medication Allows physician to detect fractures osteoporosis, cancer, and growths

44. Diagnostic Tests for joints Arthrogram Injection of dye into a specific joint followed by series of x-rays Arthroscopy Visual examination of all aspects of a joint using special instrument that contains a light and camera aspiration Removal of excessive fluid from synovial space through a needle

45. The End