1. Population Ecology Words in RED are important thought questions, concepts, or instructions. Words in BLUE go in your interactive notebook. Words in GREEN go on you note sheet.

2. Standard & Element- Env. SEV3: Students will describe stability and change in ecosystems d. Explain how biotic and abiotic factors influence populations. Copy the standard and define the terms in black below it in your own words. FRONT COVER - Pg. 1

3. Essential Question What is the carrying capacity for a population and what factors affect it? What are the effects of our population growth on the environment?

4. Learning Targets Students should learn what is the carrying capacity for a population and what factors affect it Students should learn the effects of our population growth on the environment

5. Imagine our planet as a “ global bus ” Suppose that a bus has enough seats for 50 passengers We would all agree that we could crowd a few extra persons on board in an emergency

6. What if 100 passengers climbed aboard?  or 350?  or 2,748? But how many extra could the vehicle accommodate?

7. Clearly at some point a critical system would fail  The engine would overheat  The tires would blow  The axles would break  The transmission would fail or  The engine would blow a gasket

8. Why should we suppose that earth’s biological and ecological machinery is invulnerable?

9. The number of members of a population an ecosystem can support over a long period of time without suffering severe or irreparable damage. Biologists employ the term which is defined as follows Carrying Capacity Pg. 2

10. Add this EQ to pg. 2, and answer it. Finish your carrying capacity sketch! What is a population's carrying capacity? Pg. 2

11. Since ecosystems are finite in size and resources, each has an upper limit to the population that it can support Each also has an upper limit to its ability to provide food, resources, ecological services, maintain itself, resist damage, and to accept, cleanse, and recycle wastes

12. Sketch your own version of this in notebook. Explain how this represents the concept of Carrying Capacity. Pg. 2

13. There are a variety of limiting factors that play a role in regulating the ultimate size of a population

14. Limiting Factors can be defined as: Those things which prevent a population from growing infinitely large.

15. Keeps a population in check. Doesn’t allow unlimited growth. Limiting factors include: Food, water, shelter/ habitat, mates Organism compete for these limited resources

16.  A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time. A desert oasis

17. Organisms within a community adapt to the conditions in which they live. These conditions are often abiotic factors Communities are often stable but may evolve and change over time.

19. Copy new EQ on top of pg.3: What are limiting factors and what are the two types? Pg. 3

20. Population Limiting Factors There are two categories of limiting factors 1.density-independent factors Any factor in the environment that does not depend on density, crowdedness, of the population 2.density-dependent factors Any factor in the environment that depends on density, crowdedness, of the population Pg. 3

21. Disease Temperature Competition Parasites Storms Food Habitat disruption Drought Population Limiting Factors: Density dependent or independent? Create a table like the one on my board and place the following terms in the correct location Pg. 3

22. Environmental limits to population growth Density-dependent factors disease, competition, parasites, and food Is there a pattern or relationship here? Density-independent factors temperature, storms, floods, drought, habitat disruption Did you get them all right? Add other examples you can think of. Sketch at least one of each example on this page. Pg. 3

23. Copy on top of pg. 4. Finish reading activity from yesterday!!! What three things are used to describe population dynamics? Pg. 4

24. Population Dynamics Populations of species are described by density, spatial distribution, and growth rate.

25. Population Characteristics Population Density - The number of individuals per unit area Pg. 4 Use the ruler to draw three identical squares, about 1”X1”. These represent three different populations. Add 3 stick animals to box 1, 8 to box 2, and 15 to box 3. Label the most dense population.

26. Population Density

27. Population Spatial Distribution Use the ruler to draw three 1”X1” squares. These represent three different populations. Add 8 stick animals to each box in the following formations: –Box 1 - Uniform –Box 2 - Cluster/Groups –Box 3 – Random Label each box. Pg. 5 Spatial Distribution - How individuals are spaced in a particular area.

28. Under each box, list some example species that might show that distribution. Pg. 5

29. Copy EQ on top of pg. 6. What are the two types of population growth rate and how are they different? Due Friday: –Animal adaptation extra credit. –EQ’s from last Unit. I think there were 9 or 10.

30. Population Ranges Populations can not live in all environments Abiotic conditions effect the range of environments in which a population can live A species might not be able to expand its population range because it cannot survive the abiotic conditions found in the expanded region.

31. Population Growth Rates

32. Exponential growth As the population gets larger it also grows faster. Reasons this occurs: 1. Initial increase is slow because few breeding individuals 2. As individuals mature, reproducing individuals increases. Time Population size Pg. 6 Sketch an an example graph in your notebook. What letter shape do exponential graphs make?

34. Remember…Carrying capacity and Limiting factors Keeps a population in check. Doesn’t allow unlimited growth. Limiting factors include: Food, water, shelter/ habitat, mates Organism compete for these limited resources

35. Exponential growth is not realistic Populations tend to grow until some environmental condition stops growth Time Population size This is called Logistic Population Growth!! Carrying capacity! Draw an example graph in your notebook. What letter shape do these graphs have? Pg. 7

36. Reproductive patterns Species of organisms vary in: the number of births per reproduction cycle the age that reproduction begins, the life span of the organism

37. Factors affecting Populations Birth rate = Natality rate, the number of individuals born over a specific time. Death rate = Mortality rate, the number of individuals who die over a specific time.

38. Factors affecting Populations Immigration = the number of individuals who enter, come in to, a population during a specific time. Emigration = the number of individuals who exit a population during a specific time.

39. What causes a population to grow Number of births(birth rate) is greater than the number of deaths (death rate). Immigration exceeds Emigration. Sketch an example of this. Draw a population (or write the word). Use large arrows going in to show births and Immigration, use small arrows going out to show deaths and emigration. Use different colors for each… Pg. 8

40. What causes a population’s numbers to decrease? Number of births (natality rate) is less than the number of deaths (mortality rate) Emigration exceeds immigration. Sketch an example of this. Hint: opposite if the last page… Pg. 9

41. 2 Reproductive Patterns K-strategist –Little environmental change –Generally large organisms –Long life spans –Few offspring with extended parent care R-strategist –Fluctuating abiotic factor occur –Generally small organisms –Short life span –Many offspring

42. Elephants Bacteria Mice Humans Cows Termites Lions Rabbits K or R strategist? Pg. 10 Create a table like the one on my board and place the following terms in the correct location. Add any other examples you can think of. Sketch at least one of each type

43. Predator/Prey Relationships Predator and prey populations respond to each other. This creates a unique population dynamic between them. As one goes up, the other tends to go down Thinking about this, sketch a possible graph between a predator population and a prey population. Pg. 11

44. Predator prey relationships

45. Human Populations Demography- the study of human population growth characteristics. Age structure-proportions of a population that are at different age levels.