1. Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2.  U.S. President Ronald Reagan resumes Cold War tension after period of détente in 1970s  Calls Soviet Union the “evil empire”  Communism in Eastern Europe falls to nonviolent revs ▪ 1989: Gorbachev announces end of Brezhnev Doctrine ▪ Lech Walesa in Poland—Bulgaria and Hungary follow ▪ Czechoslovakia’s “Velvet Revolution” ▪ Violent revolution in Romania leaves Ceausescu dead  1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall ▪ Honecker clings to Stalinist policies, people escape to free states ▪ Honecker removed from office, Berlin Wall opened to intra-German traffic—Wall comes down, two Germanies united in 1990

4.  Mikhail Gorbachev sets out to fix Soviet system  Stagnation, declines in standard of living, food shortage  Perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) ▪ Perestroika upsets privileged class, proves difficult ▪ Glasnost unleashes wave of criticism ▪ Ethnic minorities begin to protest Soviet domination, control  1979: Soviet Union invades Afghanistan  Takes already limited resources for war ▪ U.S., Saudis, China, Pakistan, India support mujahideen ▪ Soviets withdraw in 1989  1991: Baltic minorities declare independence  Boris Yeltsin leads Russian independence movment

6.  Interconnectedness of world economies  Free Trade, GATT, WTO, multinational corporations  Asian economic miracle  Japan and the “Little Tigers”  The Rise of China  BRIC Economies  Brazil, Russia, India, China  The European Union  OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)  ASEAN (Assoc. of Southeast Asian Nations)

9.  Large, efficient markets & rise in standard of living  Increased economic inequality  Economic growth=environmental degradation  Increased cultural interactions, homogeneity  “Americanization”/”McDonaldization”  Preeminence of English  Population increases, climate change  Carrying Capacity and Population Control

11.  Terrorism: the use of violence against civilians to advance political, religious, sectional goals  Hot spots include: ▪ Algerian, Vietnamese independence movements ▪ Arab/Israeli Conflict ▪ Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants)  September 11, 2001  War Against Terror—Afghanistan/al-Qaeda  Operation Iraqi Freedom

17.  Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)  International Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders  The United Nations  Human Rights  Disease ▪ HIV/AIDS  Gender Equality  Migration  Mass Tourism