1. Viruses: Beneficial, Infections, and Vaccines BY: OWEN RHYDDERCH, MORGAN TREVINO, AND EVAN CASEY

2. How can viruses benefit our lives?  Viruses are being used as vectors or carriers that take the required material for treatment. The viruses act as cures/ medicine, it's good for your body and it helps you get better quicker.  They have been studied extensively in management of inherited diseases and genetic engineering as well as cancers  Modification and genetic engineering methods can be used to make modified genomes that can be carried into plants and animals by viruses acting as vectors or vehicles  This method can lead to more productive transgenic animals and plants

3. How can Viruses harm our lives?  People can “catch” viruses when body fluids or fecal material from those who are infected enter their respiratory or gastro-intestinal tract—via sneezing, dirty toilet seats, kissing or germy doorknobs  If scientists could figure out how to prevent viruses from getting into our cells in the first place, they could make a dent in the number of people getting sick  Help may come in the form of new vaccines, as well as drugs that help our bodies fight the virus or stop it from creating a chronic illness.

4. How can viruses harm our lives?  The virus enters the cell, forces its own machinery into the cell, mutates the cell and causes the cell to grow uncontrollably  The best-known example of a virus-cancer link is HPV, which causes cervical cancer  HPV-human papilloma virus.  A DNA virus that causes warts on acral parts which, in those with multiple sexual partners, may be premalignant, especially in those infected with type 16—65 genotypes

5. How are the diseases spread? The virus attaches to a host cell  Unlike other living cells, viruses do not contain the ability to sustain life on their own. In order to survive, they must find a host cell It releases genetic instructions  Once the virus is inside the host cell, it will release genetic instructions. These "instructions" are genetic material that contain the information needed to replicate the virus. Takeover occurs  With the genetic material of the virus released, the virus is now able to take control of the cell. The infected cell dies  After the viral invasion, the cell will eventually die. The virus breaks free  After the cell has died, it will release the new viruses it has created into the host body.

6. Subunit Vaccines  A subunit vaccine provides an antigen into the immune system without introducing viral particles.  Viruses are weakened before being introduced as a vaccine, the vaccine virus cannot reproduce once inside the body  This is the reason that the vaccine does not infect the person being vaccinated  This type of vaccination is only used when one part of a virus is the cause

7. Toxoid Vaccines  A toxoid is a bacterial toxin whose has been inactivated or suppressed either by chemical or heat treatment  When this type of vaccine is used there is an immune response mounted  This response creates a memory of the molecular markers in the toxoid without allowing it to give an illness  An example of this is the tetanus toxoid vaccination

8. Attenuated vaccines  an attenuated vaccine occurs when the virus is still "live" but is altered to be harmless or at least less virulent  These vaccines work by "killing" the altered virus  There are many examples of this vaccine because it is one of the most common  Examples include: measles mumps, chicken pox, flu, oral polio and more.

9. Inactivated vaccines  Inactivated viruses are also known as "Killed" viruses  This vaccine uses killed virus particles or pathogens grown especially for this and then they are killed using heat  This method may require booster shots because the immune system does not produce a lot of immune response  Examples of this include polio and influenza for viral diseases  Bacterial examples include typhoid and plague vaccines

10. Mutating Viruses  Some common viruses like Influenza otherwise known as the Flu mutate regularly  Antigenic drift is one of the causes of mutation in the Flu  It is the slow mutation that changes the viruses into a new one over the season  This is why you need a new Flu shot every season

11. Other mutations  Antigenic shift is another cause of Mutation in viruses  This occurs when two separate versions of the virus or strains combine  The results are a totally different virus immune to current vaccination

12. Vaccination, Why they work  A vaccine causes or imitates a small infection of the virus or disease  This exposure to the infection allows you immune system to develop defenses against that infection.

13. Immune system  The way your body fights infection is with macrophages  Macrophages absorb dead cells and identifies antigens to be attacked  Antibodies are created by B-lymphocytes to attack antigens  T-lymphocytes attack cells in the body that have already been infected

14. ABC What causes Mutation in Viruses?  A: Antigenic shift  B: Antibodies  C: Owens face

15. TRUE OR FALSE Antibodies attack the host's cells  TRUE  FALSE

16. ABC! What is the first step of how the disease spreads?  A. TAKE OVER OCCURS  B. THE VIRUSES ATTACH TO A HOST CELL  C. THE INFECTED CELL DIES

17. ABC! TRUE OR FALSE?  TRUE OR FALSE: CAN YOU GET THIS DIESASE FROM JUST SITTING ON ANY TOILET?  TRUE  FALSE

18. True or False  A subunit vaccine provides an antigen into the immune system with introducing viral particles.  A: True  B: False

19. ABC  An inactivated vaccine is also known as a..  A: dead virus  B: Killed virus  C: alive virus