3. THE EVOLUTION OF EXTERIORS

4. INTRO The evolution of housing exteriors is usually grouped into a number of styles and time periods. The evolution of housing exteriors is usually grouped into a number of styles and time periods. Geographical location and historical and economic events during the era they were built played a huge role in the designs and styles of houses. Geographical location and historical and economic events during the era they were built played a huge role in the designs and styles of houses. Each time period and style has specific characteristics but there is a lot of overlap due to the movement of the style throughout regions of the country. Each time period and style has specific characteristics but there is a lot of overlap due to the movement of the style throughout regions of the country.

5. TRADITIONAL STYLES Housing in the United States began with the Native Americans who developed their housing styles based on their geographic location, needs, and the resources available to them. Housing in the United States began with the Native Americans who developed their housing styles based on their geographic location, needs, and the resources available to them. Their housing styles included hogans, pueblos, teepees, wigwams, pole- and-thatch structures, etc. Their housing styles included hogans, pueblos, teepees, wigwams, pole- and-thatch structures, etc.

6. TRADITIONAL STYLES As the immigrant settlers arrived in North America, they brought with them the styles that existed in their homelands. As the immigrant settlers arrived in North America, they brought with them the styles that existed in their homelands. Over time these evolved into new types of housing that have become known as the traditional styles. The traditional styles reflect the experiences and traditions of past eras. Over time these evolved into new types of housing that have become known as the traditional styles. The traditional styles reflect the experiences and traditions of past eras. They have been adapted and changed over time to meet the needs of their inhabitants. Most housing designs used today were actually created in a previous time. They have been adapted and changed over time to meet the needs of their inhabitants. Most housing designs used today were actually created in a previous time.

7. Each styles has distinct characteristics and features that set it apart from the others. Each styles has distinct characteristics and features that set it apart from the others. The traditional styles have been divided into 2 categories: The traditional styles have been divided into 2 categories: Folk styles- originate from the common experiences of a group of people, such as common values and concerns Folk styles- originate from the common experiences of a group of people, such as common values and concerns Classic styles- refer to the use of formal architectural elements that have been recognized for their enduring design excellence. Classic styles- refer to the use of formal architectural elements that have been recognized for their enduring design excellence.

8. TRADITIONAL FOLK Climate and geography have played a huge part in housing design. Climate and geography have played a huge part in housing design. Folk housing was also influenced greatly by the ethnic experiences and lifestyle of the inhabitants. Folk housing was also influenced greatly by the ethnic experiences and lifestyle of the inhabitants. Traditional folk houses include: Native American, Early English, Spanish. Scandinavian, German, Dutch, and French styles. Traditional folk houses include: Native American, Early English, Spanish. Scandinavian, German, Dutch, and French styles.

9. SOUTHWEST PUEBLO The Pueblo style of the Southwest is modeled after the Pueblo Indians The Pueblo style of the Southwest is modeled after the Pueblo Indians It is characterized by boxlike construction, flat roofs, and projecting roof beams It is characterized by boxlike construction, flat roofs, and projecting roof beams

10. EARLY ENGLISH- 1600’S Half-timbered houses – Wood frame of the house formed part of outside wall – Spaces between beams filled in with brick or plaster – Thatch roofs (bundles of reeds or straw) – Huge chimney served one or more fireplaces – Windows small: reduced heat loss and glass was expensive

11. TIDEWATER SOUTH Settlements in the low-lying coastal lands used more wood or stone. Settlements in the low-lying coastal lands used more wood or stone. Started as a one room wooden building and expanded as the family grew. Usually another room, as big as the first, was added on the wall with the chimney. Started as a one room wooden building and expanded as the family grew. Usually another room, as big as the first, was added on the wall with the chimney. Covered porches were popular Covered porches were popular

12. NEW ENGLAND- CAPE COD A small, symmetrical 1 or 1 ½ story house Steep gable roof Central entrance with central chimney Eave line of the roof hangs over the exterior wall Usually has shutters and dormers that project through the sloping roof

13. NEW ENGLAND- SALTBOX A variation of the Cape Cod- created by adding a lean-to section to the back of the house 2- 2 ½ stories in the front and 1 in the back Long, steep-pitched gable roof that sloped down from the front to the back Large windows with small glass panes Large central chimney

14. GARRISON HOUSE Second story that overhangs the first story Second story that overhangs the first story First used on forts or garrisons to prevent attackers from scaling the walls First used on forts or garrisons to prevent attackers from scaling the walls Usually symmetrical with a steep gable roof and windows with small panes of glass Usually symmetrical with a steep gable roof and windows with small panes of glass

15. GERMAN SETTLEMENTS German German Settled in PA Settled in PA Large, durable houses of wood and quarry stone Large, durable houses of wood and quarry stone Entry into first-floor kitchen Entry into first-floor kitchen Some had an abbreviated roof or “hood” between 1st and 2nd stories or pent roof Some had an abbreviated roof or “hood” between 1st and 2nd stories or pent roof The fireplace was the center of the house The fireplace was the center of the house

16. DUTCH SETTLEMENTS First settlements in NY First settlements in NY Stone and brick/ houses large by colonial standards Stone and brick/ houses large by colonial standards Known for decorative brickwork and intricate stepped gables Known for decorative brickwork and intricate stepped gables Dutch Colonial Style Dutch Colonial Style Gambrel roof Gambrel roof Metal gutters, small windows with sliding shutters Metal gutters, small windows with sliding shutters Dutch door-door divided in Dutch door-door divided in half horizontally Dormers with central entrance Dormers with central entrance

17. SPANISH SETTLEMENTS Florida and southwest – Used stucco or plaster on the exterior of the wall – Rectangular with balconies that faced the street – Kitchens often separate – Interior simple and whitewashed plaster walls, earthen floors – They usually have exposed beams – Red Tile on roof – Asymmetrical

18. SCANDINAVIAN SETTLEMENTS- SWEDEN, FINLAND, NORWAY, AND DENMARK American log cabin has Swedish origins American log cabin has Swedish origins Primitive, small building Primitive, small building Sometimes divided into 2 rooms with an attic above Sometimes divided into 2 rooms with an attic above Gabel roof Gabel roof Originally roof was of bark or thatch Originally roof was of bark or thatch Wood shingles used later Wood shingles used later Modified from one-room to two- rooms connected with breezeway Modified from one-room to two- rooms connected with breezeway

19. FRENCH SETTLEMENTS French Normandy Style One story with narrow doors and windows One story with narrow doors and windows Steep hip or gable roof Steep hip or gable roof Walls are stucco or half timbered Walls are stucco or half timbered Porches were popular in hotter regions Porches were popular in hotter regions

20. FRENCH SETTLEMENTS- 1700’S French Plantation French Plantation An adaptation of the French Normandy, built on posts above ground An adaptation of the French Normandy, built on posts above ground Larder and more extravagant Larder and more extravagant Large porches, dormers and several chimneys are common Large porches, dormers and several chimneys are common

21. FRENCH SETTLEMENTS- 1700’S French Manor French Manor Symmetrical style with wings on each side Symmetrical style with wings on each side Steeply pitched roof Steeply pitched roof Dormers Dormers Usually very large Usually very large

22. FRENCH SETTLEMENTS- 1700’S French Provincial French Provincial Very delicate appearance Very delicate appearance Symmetrical Symmetrical The windows are very dominant- break through the eave line of the roof The windows are very dominant- break through the eave line of the roof 2 ½ stories tall 2 ½ stories tall

23. YOUR TURN! Find (cut and paste) OR draw 3 houses that fit the characteristics of (3 different) traditional styles of house. Find (cut and paste) OR draw 3 houses that fit the characteristics of (3 different) traditional styles of house. Label the style. Label the style. Explain why you think that house fits into that style. Explain why you think that house fits into that style.

24. CLASSIC TRADITIONAL HOUSES

25. CLASSIC TRADITIONAL, MODERN, AND CONTEMPORARY As the settlements flourished and colonies and states were formed, prosperity brought a lot of change to housing. As the settlements flourished and colonies and states were formed, prosperity brought a lot of change to housing. The quality of building materials improved and trade brought new information The quality of building materials improved and trade brought new information Architects brought new housing plans and styles from Europe. Architects brought new housing plans and styles from Europe.

26. GEORGIAN PERIOD 1690-1800 Named for the kings of England (George I, II, and III) Named for the kings of England (George I, II, and III) Brick and stone Brick and stone If not available, wood used If not available, wood used Carved and painted to look like stone (Mount Vernon) Carved and painted to look like stone (Mount Vernon)

27. GEORGIAN PERIOD CHARACTERISTICS 2-3 stories high 2-3 stories high Very formal looking Very formal looking Hip roof Hip roof Front doors has pilasters (flattened columns) Front doors has pilasters (flattened columns) Sometimes have a balustrade Sometimes have a balustrade a flat area with a railing a flat area with a railing Large windows symmetrically placed Large windows symmetrically placed Many small panes Many small panes

28. GEORGIAN PERIOD CHARACTERISTICS Doorway details Doorway details Front door focal point of house Front door focal point of house Framed by pilasters (flattened columns) Framed by pilasters (flattened columns) Topped by pediment (a triangular or arched decoration) Topped by pediment (a triangular or arched decoration) Distinctive cornice Distinctive cornice A decorative strip at the area where the roof and walls meet A decorative strip at the area where the roof and walls meet Georgian houses: cornice of tooth like molding Georgian houses: cornice of tooth like molding

29. FEDERAL PERIOD 1775-1840 American Revolution brought to end old political/social patterns Traders/merchants became the leaders Sense of renewed patriotism Turned away from anything English

30. FEDERAL PERIOD- ADAM Combined Georgian features and elements from Classical Greece and Rome Combined Georgian features and elements from Classical Greece and Rome Rectangular design 1 or more stories Rectangular design 1 or more stories Gable roof with decorative cornice Gable roof with decorative cornice Symmetrically placed windows with small panes Symmetrically placed windows with small panes Oval shaped rooms were popular Oval shaped rooms were popular Fanlights: semicircular, round or oval window with fan-shaped panes of glass above the door or pediment Palladian windows- circular or elliptical windows

31. FEDERAL PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Five on five façade Fanlight Side windows

32. GREEK REVIVAL PERIOD 1825- 1860 Features linked to temples of ancient Greece Features linked to temples of ancient Greece Two-story entry supported by columns across the entire front of the house with a large triangular pediment Two-story entry supported by columns across the entire front of the house with a large triangular pediment Pilasters on the corners of frame houses or across the front Pilasters on the corners of frame houses or across the front Symmetrical with moldings and cornices Symmetrical with moldings and cornices Elaborate entrance Columns supporting small or large porch

33. SOUTHERN COLONIAL An offshoot of the Greek Revival An offshoot of the Greek Revival Large 2 -3 story houses Large 2 -3 story houses Brick or framed Brick or framed Symmetrical Symmetrical 2 story columns 2 story columns Hip or gable roof Hip or gable roof Dormers, shutters, or Dormers, shutters, or belvedere (small room on the belvedere (small room on the roof used as a lookout) often included roof used as a lookout) often included

34. VICTORIAN PERIOD Queen Victoria of England Queen Victoria of England 1860-1900 1860-1900 Very elaborate Very elaborate Aaron Mang, Greensburg High School, 1000 E. Central, Greensburg, IN 47240 (psmang@msn.com)

35. VICTORIAN PERIOD 1837-1901 An abundance of decorative trims An abundance of decorative trims Designers tried to outdo each other with how much decoration they could use Designers tried to outdo each other with how much decoration they could use High porches High porches Roofs with steep gables Roofs with steep gables Tall windows Tall windows High ceilings High ceilings Dark stariways Long hall Turrets (small towers) Every style of Victorian was similar but different They are often called “gingerbread” houses because of the amount of decorations

36. Italianate Italianate Gothic Revival Gothic Revival Romanesque Queen Anne

37. MODERN STYLE HOUSES The style developed during the early 1900-s through 1980 is considered “Modern” The style developed during the early 1900-s through 1980 is considered “Modern” These styles include These styles include Prairie, Arts and Crafts, Bungalow, International, and Ranch and split-level Prairie, Arts and Crafts, Bungalow, International, and Ranch and split-level

38. PRAIRIE STYLE 1893-1920 The works of Frank Lloyd Wright The works of Frank Lloyd Wright Emphasis on horizontal lines, low pitched roofs with overhanging eaves Emphasis on horizontal lines, low pitched roofs with overhanging eaves Wide porches, rows of leaded- glass windows Wide porches, rows of leaded- glass windows Emphasis was placed on nature and using natural resources Emphasis was placed on nature and using natural resources Rooms are open and designed to connect with the each other and outdoors Rooms are open and designed to connect with the each other and outdoors Porches, terraces and windows were popular Porches, terraces and windows were popular Aaron Mang, Greensburg High School, 1000 E. Central, Greensburg, IN 47240 (psmang@msn.com)

39. ARTS AND CRAFTS 1905-1930 Also called “craftsman” style Also called “craftsman” style Placed an emphasis on materials worked by hand Placed an emphasis on materials worked by hand Simple and natural colors and shapes Simple and natural colors and shapes Low pitched roofs Low pitched roofs Exposed rafters Exposed rafters Wood or stone siding Wood or stone siding

40. ARTS AND CRAFTS 1905-1930 Bungalow Small, 1-story (or 1 ½ story) Small, 1-story (or 1 ½ story) Overhanging roof and covered porch Overhanging roof and covered porch Met need of smaller, less expensive homes Met need of smaller, less expensive homes Low-pitched gable roof Low-pitched gable roof Decorative beams or braces under eaves Full or partial width porches with roof Supported by columns or pedestals extending to ground Aaron Mang, Greensburg High School, 1000 E. Central, Greensburg, IN 47240 (psmang@msn.com)

41. INTERNATIONAL 1900’S Focused on the emphasizing the simplicity of design and eliminating unnecessary elements Focused on the emphasizing the simplicity of design and eliminating unnecessary elements A blend of 4 main designers: A blend of 4 main designers: Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright Walter Gropius Walter Gropius Ludwig Mies von der Roche Ludwig Mies von der Roche Le Corbusier Le Corbusier Geometric shapes Large expanses of windows Little to no decoration on the outside Low pitched or flat roofs Aaron Mang, Greensburg High School, 1000 E. Central, Greensburg, IN 47240 (psmang@msn.com)

42. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

43. WALTER GROPIUS

44. LE CORBUSIER

45. LUDWIG MIES VON DER ROCHE

46. RANCH Long, low, one-story house Long, low, one-story house Resembles rambling one- story houses built by early settlers of the west Resembles rambling one- story houses built by early settlers of the west Low pitched gable or hip roof Low pitched gable or hip roof Decorative shutters and picture windows Decorative shutters and picture windows Lots were larger in suburbs Lots were larger in suburbs Easy to maneuver and maintain Easy to maneuver and maintain Aaron Mang, Greensburg High School, 1000 E. Central, Greensburg, IN 47240 (psmang@msn.com)

47. RANCH- SPLIT ENTRY/LEVEL A variation of the ranch with two level on some part of the house A variation of the ranch with two level on some part of the house At least 2 levels of living space At least 2 levels of living space Connected by short flights of stairs Connected by short flights of stairs

48. CONTEMPORARY STYLES Wide variations of materials and ceiling heights Wide variations of materials and ceiling heights Tall windows with large glass panes Tall windows with large glass panes Open floor plans Open floor plans Unusual uses of shapes and spaces Unusual uses of shapes and spaces Often mix together many characteristics of other styles Aaron Mang, Greensburg High School, 1000 E. Central, Greensburg, IN 47240 (psmang@msn.com)

49. SOLAR Active solar houses use special equipment that harness the sun’s heat Active solar houses use special equipment that harness the sun’s heat Passive solar houses have design features that or materials that maximize the use of the sun (large windows on the south, dark colored walls, etc) Passive solar houses have design features that or materials that maximize the use of the sun (large windows on the south, dark colored walls, etc)

50. EARTH SHELTERED Partially covered with soil. This acts as a natural insulator and helps protect from the weather Partially covered with soil. This acts as a natural insulator and helps protect from the weather

51. Many factors have influenced home design in North America. Environment, history, and the political, economic, and social conditions of the country have always played a role. Architects and builders have often looked to the past for inspiration. Housing styles continue to evolve. In the coming years, architects and builders will need to meet the needs of an aging population and a greater concern for resource conservation. Housing Styles