1. RUSSIAN LEADERS

2. IVAN III

3. Full name is Ivan Vasilyevich Born Jan. 22, 1440, Moscow—died Oct. 27, 1505, Moscow) Grand prince of Moscow (1462–1505), who subdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes Re-won parts of Ukraine from Poland He also laid the administrative foundations of a centralized Russian state.

4. IVAN III Had a rough childhood. His father, Grand Prince Vasily II of Muscovy,was arrested and blinded by his cousin in 1446 After this event Ivan was hidden in a monastery and smuggled to safety until eventually being turned over to his Fathers captures.

5. IVAN III After his fathers released he was made to marry a young princess. At the age of 12 he was placed in command of a military expedition dispatched to deal with the remnants of his father’s internal enemies in the far north. At 18 he led a successful campaign against the Tatars in the south. Vasily II died on March 27, 1462, and was succeeded by Ivan as grand prince of Moscow.

6. IVAN IV

7. Full name Ivan Vasilyevich, byname Ivan the Terrible (born August 25, 1530, Kolomenskoye, near Moscow [Russia]—died March 18, 1584, Moscow) Grand prince of Moscow (1533–84) and the first to be proclaimed tsar (czar) of Russia (from 1547). His reign saw the completion of the construction of a centrally administered Russian state and the creation of an empire that included non-Slav states. Ivan engaged in prolonged and largely unsuccessful wars against Sweden and Poland. Wanted to impose military discipline and a centralized administration, he instituted a reign of terror against the hereditary nobility

8. IVAN IV Grandson of Ivan III Immediately after his father’s death, the three-year- old Ivan was proclaimed grand prince of Moscow. His mother ruled in Ivan’s name until her death (allegedly by poison) in 1538. The deaths of Ivan’s parents show the struggles of various factions of nobles for control of the person of the young prince and for power. The years 1538– 47 were thus a period of murderous strife among the clans of the warrior caste commonly termed “boyars.”

9. IVAN IV Wanted to build a Christian state based on principles of justice. Ivan’s government soon embarked on a wide program of reforms and of the reorganization of both central and local administration In 1550 a new, more detailed legal code was drawn up that replaced one dating from 1497 Russia was at war for the greater part of Ivan’s reign

10. IVAN IV With both banks of the Volga now secured, Ivan prepared for a campaign to force an exit to the sea, a traditional concern of landlocked Russia. Ivan felt that trade with Europe depended on free access to the Baltic and decided to turn his attention westward. In 1558 he went to war in an attempt to establish Russian rule over Livonia (in present-day Latvia and Estonia). Russia was at first victorious and succeeded in destroying the Livonian knights

11. PETER THE GREAT

12. Peter I, Russian in full Pyotr Alekseyevich, byname Peter the Great Son of Tsar Alexis by his second wife, Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina Tsar (czar) of Russia who reigned jointly with his half- brother Ivan V (1682–96) and alone thereafter (1696–1725) How did this happen? Dispute between Miloslavskys, relatives of Fyodor’s (Peters older half brother) mother and the Naryshkins (Peters mothers family) In 1721 was proclaimed emperor

13. PETER THE GREAT At the beginning of Peter’s reign, Russia was territorially a huge power, but with no access to the Black Sea, the Caspian, or to the Baltic, and to win such an outlet became the main goal of Peter’s foreign policy Raised in an atmosphere open to progressive influences from the West. Sometimes Peter would beat his high officials with his stick

14. CATHERINE THE GREAT

15. Catherine II, Russian in full Yekaterina Alekseyevna, byname Catherine the Great, (born April 2, 1729, Stettin, Prussia [now Szczecin, Poland]—died November 6, 1796, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin], near St. Petersburg, Russia German-born empress of Russia (1762–96), who led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe, carrying on the work begun by Peter the Great. Catherine, however, would not have become empress if her husband had been at all normal. He was extremely neurotic, rebellious, obstinate, perhaps impotent, nearly alcoholic, and, most seriously, a fanatical worshipper of Frederick II of Prussia, the foe of the empress Elizabeth.

16. CATHERINE THE GREAT With her ministers she reorganized the administration and law of the Russian Empire and extended Russian territory, adding the Crimea and much of Poland. At age 14 she was chosen to be the wife of Karl Ulrich, duke of Holstein-Gottorp, grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the throne of Russia as the grand duke Peter. In 1744 Catherine arrived in Russia, assumed the title of Grand Duchess Catherine Alekseyevna, and married her young cousin the following year. Catherine possessed considerable charm, a lively intelligence, and extraordinary energy.

17. CATHERINE THE GREAT At the end of Catherine’s reign, Russia had expanded westward and southward over an area of more than 200,000 square miles Love life? Family life?