1. Monitoring and prediction of ENSO, the Benguela Nino and other large scale phenomena; subsequent impacts upon southern African rainfall patterns; and the effects of low oxygen water on important living resources such as hake. Angola-Benguela Front Interaction between land, the coastal zone, and the Agulhas Current are central to monitoring and predicting regional climate change, living resource variability, sea state and extreme events in intensely utilised coastal regions. East Coast Monitoring the functioning of the dynamic Benguela system will provide a sensitive indicator to climate change. Monitoring and forecast products will also be provided for a variety of living marine resources, harmful algal blooms, sea state, and extreme events. Southern Benguela The sub-tropical convergence and southern ocean systems play a critical role in global biogeochemistry, and will be monitored for evidence of changing thresholds. Southern Ocean Monitoring large scale oceanographic and atmospheric features is essential to understanding the effects of Agulhas Current variability, which has considerable impact on regional & global climate, and extreme events such as tropical cyclones. South West Indian Ocean In Situ Observation: Developing world-class technology to observe the oceans using ships, moorings, and autonomous vehicles. Ocean Models: Simulating and characterising the coupled ocean-atmosphere system; real-time prediction of marine systems. Remote Sensing: Real-time observation of sub-Saharan Africa using a multitude of sensors; showcasing cutting-edge regional applications. Climate Models: Improving the confidence of current models; integrating regional and global model forecasts. Dissemination Systems: Allowing the archiving, exchange and interpretation of data and products to a wide variety of end-users, using inter-operable systems and OGC compliant architecture. The integration of systems into a “system of systems”. Developing World Class Scientific & Operational Capabilities

3. Wind stress 1987 to 2007 Chlorophyll 1997 to 2007 Climate change: The power of sustained synoptic observation Remote sensing offers unique global data sets relating to ocean physics and biogeochemistry, and ocean- atmosphere interaction. Some of these data sets extend for more than 20 years. They can be used to characterise system function, examine system variability over long time scales, and validate ocean- atmosphere models over a variety of time and space scales

4. An important influence of poleward versus equatorward is that on water column structure. Low-pass filtered surface ADCP currents and surface temperature from mooring thermistor chain Surface temperatures are well correlated with surface currents – confirming the association of warm water with southward currents, and cool water with northward currents, consistent with the expected response to upwelling and relaxation events. Comparison: The net poleward flow in 2005 was therefore associated with warm stratified conditions, whereas the persistent equatorward flow in 2006 was associated with cooler, well mixed and less variable water temperatures. 2006 2005

6. Shannon and Nelson 1996 Nelson and Hutchings 1983 Pitcher and Nelson 2006 Need to move beyond conceptual models based on limited measurements to the development of improved observation technologies, monitoring systems and models. The excellent spatial coverage afforded by satellite observations of SST and ocean colour have benefited biological oceanography enormously as will further measures of the physical environment. Holden 1985

7. Ad Hoc Regional high-res AVHRR support: