1. Dr. Chuck Neufeld Lander University
Phonation
Dr. Chuck Neufeld
Lander University

2. Vocal Anatomy Phonation Theories Characteristics of Good Vocal Sound

3. Vocal Anatomy Laryngeal Functions Five Laryngeal Cartilages Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

4. Laryngeal Functions
Valve
Sound Producer

5. Vocal Anatomy Laryngeal Functions Five Laryngeal Cartilages Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

6. Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Lateral View

7. Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Note: Arytenoid and Corniculate cartilages are faint, because they are behind the outer shell of the Thyroid cartilage.
Anterior (Front) View

8. Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Rear View

9. Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Anterior (Front) View

10. Five Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage
Corniculate Cartilage
Epiglottis
Sagital (Side, Cut Away) View

11. Thyroid Cartilage Houses Vocal Cords Also Known as Adam’s Apple
Four Cornu (horns)
Superior Cornu (2) Attach to Hyoid Bone
Inferior Cornu (2)
Attach to Cricoid Cartilage
Form Articulation Joint for Rocking Thyroid Cartilage

12. Cricoid Cartilage Sits on Top of Highest Cartilage in Trachea
Joined to Trachea With a Ligament
Makes Complete Circle of Cartilage
Upper Surface of Back Wall
Point of Articulation for Arytenoids
Arytenoids Slide on Surface
Front Joined to Thyroid Cartilage by Cricothyroid Ligament

13. Arytenoid Cartilages (2)
Sit on Top of Cricoid Cartilage
Three Prongs
One Projects Forward (Vocal Process--Attaches to Vocal Cords)
One Projects Sideways (Muscular Process--Attaches to Interarytenoid Muscles)
One Projects Upward (Apex--Fused to Corniculate Cartilage)

14. Corniculate Cartilages (2)
Look Like Horns (Cornu)
Also Named Cartilage of Santorini
Fused to Apex of Arytenoid Cartilages

15. Cricoid, Arytenoid, and Corniculate Cartilages

16. Epiglottis Leaf-Shaped Cartilage Assists Valving Function of Larynx
Attached by Ligament to Inside Surface of Thyroid Cartilage
Extends Upward to Hyoid Bone and Base of Tongue
During Swallowing
Pulls Toward Back of Throat
Moves Down Over Opening
Keeps Food Out of Trachea

17. Vocal Anatomy Laryngeal Functions Five Laryngeal Cartilages Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

18. Hyoid Bone U-Shaped Bone Attaches to Base of Tongue
Opens Toward Back of Throat
Above Larynx and Cricoid Cartilage

19. Hyoid Bone

20. Vocal Anatomy Laryngeal Functions Five Laryngeal Cartilages Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

21. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Have Both Ends--Origin and Insertion--Inside the Larynx

22. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Seven Intrinsic Muscles
Thyroarytenoid Muscles
Cricothyroid Muscles
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Transverse and Oblique Arytenoid Muscles (Interarytenoids)
Aryepiglottic Folds
Thryohhyoid Muscles

23. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Cricothyroids (CT)
Posterior Cricoarytenoids (P)
Lateral Cricoarytenoids(LCA)
Transverse Arytenoids (TA)
Oblique Arytenoids(OA)
Internal Thyroarytenoids (ITA)
External Thyroarytenoids (ETA) CT P
LCA TA OA CT
ITA
ETA

24. Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Seven Intrinsic Muscles
Thyroarytenoid Muscles
Cricothyroid Muscles
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles
Transverse and Oblique Arytenoid Muscles (Interarytenoids)
Aryepiglottic Folds
Thryohhyoid Muscles

25. Vocal Anatomy Laryngeal Functions Five Laryngeal Cartilages Hyoid Bone
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

26. Three Kinds of Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Supralaryngeal Muscles
Infralaryngeal Muscles
Constrictor Muscles

27. Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Supralaryngeal Muscles
Tend to Pull Up on Larynx
Help Stabilize Laryngeal Position
Active in Swallowing, Chewing, Articulation
Swallowing is Inherently Antagonistic to Phonation
Sizeable Number of Muscles (Geniohyoid, Hyoglossus, Mylohyoid)

28. Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Infralaryngeal Muscles
Tend to Pull Down on the Larynx and Hyoid Bone
Help Stabilize Laryngeal Position
Known as “Yawning” Muscles
Sizeable Number of Muscles (Sternothyroid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid)
Prominent Role in Laryngeal Stabilization During Phonation

29. Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles
Constrictor Muscles
Line Throat
Assist in Swallowing (Peristolsis)
Upper, Middle, and Lower
Reduce the Size of the the Throat
Create Tension in Laryngeal Area
Lower Constrictors Merge with Two Laryngeal Muscles:
Thryopharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus

31. Vocal Anatomy Phonation Theories Characteristics of Good Vocal Sound

32. Phonation Theories One Old Theory: Neurochronaxic Theory of Husson
Assigned Glottal Closure to Chronaxy of the Recurrent Nerve
Discredited
Nerves Cannot Fire With High Enough Degree of Rapidity to Support Phonation

33. Phonation Theories Two Major Modern Theories Myoelastic Theory
Cords Remain Closed Until Pressure Pushes Them Apart
Allows Air to Escape
Reduces Pressure
Muscle Tension Pulls Cords Back Together

34. Phonation Theories Aerodynamic Theory Breath Flows Through Glottis
Arytenoid Cartilages Approximate Due to Interarytenoid Muscles
Bernoulli’s Principle Applies
Cords Vibrate Due to Changes in Air Pressure

35. Phonation Theories
Myoelastic Theory Assigns Glottal Closure to Muscle Tension
Aerodynamic Theory Assigns Glottal Closure to Bernoulli Principle
BOTH Theories Apply (see Van den Berg)

36. Phonation Theories Anterior (front) view
Vocalis Vibrates in Mucosal Wave Pattern
Anterior (front) view

37. Vocal Anatomy Phonation Theories Characteristics of Good Vocal Sound

38. Characteristics of Good Vocal Sound
Can you list the qualities of good sound?