1. U.S. History Chapters 14 and 15 Review World War II

2. The MAJOR Allies: England, France, Soviet Union, United States The Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan unhappy with the VERSAILLE TREATY IN GENERAL WHICH ENDED WORLD WAR I Stalin (USSR) Mussolini (Italy) Hitler (Germany) Churchill (England) FDR (US)

3. 1936-1938 Germany remiliterized the Rhineland and unified with Austria, and demanded the Sudetenland taken from them after WWII and given to Czechoslovakia In 1938, England and France agreed to return the Sudetenland to Germany in order to avoid a war. Czechoslovakia was not consulted. (Appeasement)

4. In the 1930’s the United States continued its traditional Isolationist policy and declared Neutrality under international law.

5. 1939, Before his invasion of Poland, Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Non- Aggression Pact in order to avoid another two front war (WWI). The pact divided Poland between Germany and the USSR and both promised not to wage war on the other.

6. Britain and France (aka THE ALLIES) declared war on Germany after the invasion of Poland in September 1939.

7. Lend-Lease was a program under which the United States supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Republic of China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and August 1945. This was nine months before the U.S. entered the war in December 1941. Formally titled An Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States, the Act effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality. A total of $50.1 billion worth of supplies were shipped. The terms of the agreement provided that the material was to be used until time for their return or destruction. In practice very little equipment was returned.

8. When Japan began to expand into the Pacific in the 1930’s they came into conflict with the U.S. ambitions in the Pacific. The Japanese expansion was fueled by their need for natural resources.

9. The Japanese quest for natural resources and more space for their growing population resulted in their invasion of China (Manchuria) in the 1930’s. This action elevated the tensions between the U.S. and Japan. In response, the U.S. refused to sell certain needed products (embargo) to Japan especially oil.

10. December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U.S. at Pearl Harbor. On December 8, 1941, the U.S. declared war on Japan.

11. FDR called the U.S. “The Arsenal of Democracy” meaning our production of war material helped the Allies to win. Many American women worked in factories to maintain this production during the war. The jobs created by wartime needs ended the Great Depression of the 1930’s.

12. During World War II, the U.S. government placed many Japanese immigrants and U.S. citizens of Japanese descent in internment camps for national security purposes. This action was challenged in the Supreme Court (Korematsu v. U.S.). The Supreme Court ruled that the government action was constitutional since they presented a “clear and present danger” to the U.S.

13. Stalin had been demanding an invasion of France to relieve the pressure on his troops on the eastern front. The invasion of France (D-Day) took place on June 6, 1941.

14. The challenge facing the U.S. is that the war was being fought on two fronts (Europe and the Pacific). In June 1942, the U.S. stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific at the Battle of Midway (Turning Point).

15. The U.S. used the strategy of ISLAND HOPPING in the Pacific to defeat the Japanese. The strategy involved selecting key islands to invade while skipping over others which would be cut off from the Japanese home islands.

16. In 1945, the leaders of the big three allied nations (Churchill, FDR, and Stalin) met at Yalta to discuss the political future of the defeated nations.

17. In April 1944 FDR died and Harry S. Truman became the President.

18. In 1939 FDR established the Manhattan Project to work on the A- bomb. In July 1945 the first A-bomb was tested in New Mexico. To shorten the war and prevent the loss of American lives Truman decided to use the A-bomb against Japan. In August 1945 A- Bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

19. In September 1945 the Japanese surrendered to the U.S.

20. Of 195 nations of the world, 3 are not in the U.S.: Kosovo, Taiwan, and Vatican City. The U.S. joined the United Nations because they recognized that world peace would require their involvement.

21. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg. Twelve of the accused were sentenced to death, seven received prison sentences, and three were acquitted.