1. Pre-Colombian Civilizations: Maya, Aztec, & Inca (600-1450 C.E.)

2. I.The Maya 1.“Classical Civilization” from 300 B.C.E.-900 C.E. 2.“Golden Age”: 500-850 C.E. 3.Locations: a.jungles of Central America: Guatemala (Tikal), Belize, Honduras, & El Salvador b.Southern Mexico (Yucatan Peninsula & Chiapas)

3. A.Economy 1.agricultural-based –“slash and burn” –“3 sisters”: maize, beans, & squash –cacao bean & cotton –obsidian tools –NO domesticated work animals 2.writing system (glyphs) & paper production 3.pottery

5. B.Society 1.Social Structure: –Kings, priests, nobility, scribes –Merchants –Peasants, war captive slaves 2.Gender Roles: –traditional roles for women –allowed land inheritance

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7. C.Politics 1.composed of city-states –relatively autonomous 2.endemic warfare –for religion –for slaves

8. Palenque

9. D.Religion 1.3-part world view (underworld called Xibalba) 2.cities were ceremonial centers with great temples & pyramids 3.practiced human sacrifice http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/out-of-egypt-mayan-sacrifice.html 4.jaguar (balam) important symbol

10. Tikal: Temple of the Masks

12. 5.calendar (agriculture & religion) –zero 6.inherited Olmec ballgame, with losers executed and sacrificed 7.tremendous astronomical knowledge

13. Ballcourt at Chichen Itza

15. E.Decline 1.mysterious demise about 900 C.E. 2.disease, drought, ENV destruction, internal unrest

16. II.Aztecs (1325-1521 C.E.)

17. A. Aztecs 1.occupied Central Mexico 2.influenced by Toltecs (gods of Tlaloc & Quetzalcoatl) 3.made up of Aztec “triple alliance”: Mexica ended up dominating 4.capital built at Tenochtitlan

18. Vision serpent Quetzalcoatl

19. The Codex Mendoza : The Founding of Tenochtitlan

20. Aztec View of Tenochtitlan

21. The Mexican flag tells the story of the Aztec people and the birth of their nation.

23. Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

24. This was the largest building in North America until the 20 th century.

26. B.Economics 1.agricultural based – chinampas: "floating gardens" in swampy areas tribute 2.extracted extensive amount of tribute from conquered people 3.long-distance trade of jade, emeralds, gold, jaguar skins, & sea shells 4.long-distance merchants (pochteca)

27. Aztec Gold

28. C. Sociocultural 1. Social structure rigidly hierarchical: –Warrior elite –Priests also elite (scribes & learned complex calendars) –Skilled craftsmen, merchants middle status –Large number of slaves

29. Aztec Math Aztec Writing

30. 1. women subordinate, relegated to household duties 2. males primary job were warriors 3. women could inherit property & be involved in commerce 4. women received high honor for bearing warrior sons 5. women allowed to be priestess Gender Roles

31. D. Politics 1.based on military expansionism with the following: –guerras floridas: wars for expansion –professional army –human sacrifices –taxes (but NO bureaucracy) –roads 2.ruled by a central monarch in Tenochtitlan that did NOT have absolute power 3.council of powerful aristocrats

32. The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors

33. Aztecs Sacrifice War Captives to the Sun God

34. Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid

35. Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan

36. Sacrificial “chac mool” statue

37. Aztec Sun Stone Calendar

39. Compare Aztecs to Romans 1. roads 2. autonomy but tribute 3. adapted ideas from conquered peoples 4. polytheistic vs