1. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey USA robock@envsci.rutgers.edu http://envsci.rutgers.edu/~robock Climate Dynamics 11:670:461 Lecture 6, 9/23/13

2. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences The Arctic Oscillation Thompson and Wallace (1998) Stronger polar vortex Winter warming Positive mode is the same as the response to volcanic aerosols.

3. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.1

4. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.2

5. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.3

6. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.4

7. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.5

8. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Fig. 4.6

9. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences A =  r 2 r A = 4  r 2 Greenhouse Effect TsTs Emission =  T e 4 S 0 = 1368 W m -2   = planetary albedo (0.30) Sun Earth

10. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Global Energy Balance Incoming Energy = Outgoing Energy  r 2 S 0 (1-  ) = 4  r 2  T e 4 r=radius of Earth S 0 = solar constant (1368 W/m 2 )  =planetary albedo (0.30)  =Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10 8 W m -2 K -4 ) T e =effective temperature of the Earth T s =observed global average surface temperature Greenhouse Effect T s =288 K T e =255 K 33 K (33C° = 59F°) Greenhouse Effect

11. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences S 0 = “solar constant” = 1368 W/m 2  = planetary albedo = 0.30 T e = effective temperature T s = surface temperature Greenhouse gases Greenhouse Effect Ts4Ts4 Te4Te4 T s = 288K = 15°C (Observed) Sensible and latent heat Te4Te4 T s = T e = 255K = -18°C  T e 4 Greenhouse Effect

12. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

13. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences

14. Alan Robock Department of Environmental Sciences Robock (1983) SME OSIRIS SAGE II, III