1. 1 Transformation of distance learning David Hawkridge Emeritus Professor of The Open University Visiting Professor, The University of Leicester

2. 2 Distance learning: 1963 Fifty years ago, the name ‘distance learning’ was not used yet Teaching of students by distant teachers was almost all in print Broadcast radio and television were used a little for teaching In China, Beijing and Shanghai city TVUs began teaching in the 1960s

3. 3 Distance learning: 1988 Great expansion of distance learning occurred: hundreds of organisations, millions of students Teaching of students by distant teachers was in print, television, radio There was blending of distance learning with face-to-face learning

4. 4 Distance learning: 1988 In some countries, the quality and value of degrees by distance learning were being questioned The cost of distance learning per student was lower than for on-campus learning, but student drop-out was high In China. the TVUs had expanded considerably, with World Bank support

5. 5 Distance learning: 2013 Now there has been huge further expansion of distance learning, with e-learning: thousands of organisations, tens of millions of students E-learning is for on-campus students as well as students distant from their teachers Distant students are able to access the same e-learning resources as on-campus students

6. 6 Distance learning: 2013 There has been: Globalisation of the distance learning market Rapid introduction of new technologies Commercialisation of distance learning Creation and supply of open educational resources (OERs)

7. 7 Distance learning: questions about it in 2033 Worldwide, in many languages? Many choices for learners? Available to all, at low cost? Free –– through MOOCs (Massive Online Open Courses)? Will students at Leicester University, The Open University of the United Kingdom and The Open University of China be learning mostly at a distance, and by what means?

8. 8 Thank you! Are there any questions you would like to ask, if there is time? My email address: d.g.hawkridge@open.ac.uk