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CHAPTER 15 SOCIETIES & EMPIRES IN AFRICA Section 3 Eastern City-States and Southern Empires
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EAST COAST TRADE CITIES Aksum 3 rd century- extensive trade network Port on Red Sea Traded w/Arabia, Persia, India, & Rome 600s- Muslims controlled Arabia, Red Sea, & North Africa; cut off Aksum Aksumites moved south Indian Ocean Trade Bantu speakers Farming & fishing villages Traders used monsoons to cross Indian Ocean to E. Africa Trade b/w E. Africa, Persia, India, & Arabia Muslim Arab & Persian traders moved to E. Africa Swahili: Arabic blended with Bantu
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EAST COAST TRADE CITIES Growth of trade Persian traders moved s. from Horn of Africa Persians brought Asian goods to Africa and African goods to Asia Coastal markets- Arabs sold goods from China & India Arab traders brought African goods to Arabia 1300- > 35 trade cities on coast Wealthy through controlling all trade Some cities made trade goods for export
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EAST COAST TRADE CITIES City-State of Kilwa Wealthy Muslims rulers & traders Southernmost port Indian traders could reach & return from in 1 monsoon season S. regions had to send goods n. to Kilwa for trade Seized port of Sofala (trading center for gold mined inland) Controlled overseas trade of gold from s. Africa Wealthiest, most powerful coastal city-state Portuguese Conquest 1488- 1 st Portuguese ships rounded s. tip of Africa looking for trade route to India Saw wealth of E. African coastal cities -> conquest Captured Sofala, Kilwa, & Mombasa Took over trade, maintained presence for > 200 years
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ISLAMIC INFLUENCES Spread Through trade Every town had a mosque Muslim sultan (ruler) in most cities Most gov. officials & wealthy merchants = Muslim Islamic Law Questions of religious law settled by Qadi (judge) Other matters settled by gov. ministers & military commanders Sultan may settle some issues Majority of E. Africans held onto traditional beliefs Enslavement of Africans Arab traders exported enslaved people to Arabia, Persia, & Iraq for domestic tasks Indian rulers used slaves as soldiers Worked on docks & ships in Muslim- controlled ports Household servants in China Trade increased dramatically in 1700s
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GREAT ZIMBABWE Empire built on gold trade in SE Africa History Shona people Fertile, well-watered plateau b/w Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers Farming & cattle raising Near important trade route linking inland gold fields w/Sofala Gained control of routes, taxed traveling traders City = economic, political, & religious capital of empire 1450- city of Great Zimbabwe abandoned for unknown reasons Ruins Zimbabwe is a Shona phrase meaning “stone enclosure” 2 complexes of stone buildings that used to be royal palace Walls probably built to impress visitors b/c no way for soldiers to get to top
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SOUTHERN AFRICA Mutapa Empire ~1420- Mutota left Great Zimbabwe to find new source of salt; settled in n. valley w/good rainfall, fertile soil, & wood State meant to replace Great Zimbabwe Used army to conquer n. Shona people -> forced payments Conquered all but e. part of Zimbabwe under Mutota Matope (Mutota’s son) claimed control of area along Zambezi River to Indian Ocean Mined gold; sent to coastal city-states for luxuries S. part of empire broke away Portuguese failed to conquer -> interfering w/politics Put ruler they could control on throne
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