1. the University of Greenwich RESE1075 Foundations of Scholarship and RM Session 3: Assessment, Harvard and Paraphrasing Prepared by Dr Jo Cullinane (2008)

2. the University of Greenwich SESSION LEARNING OUTCOME  Demonstrate an understanding of common assessment types used in postgraduate education in the UK  Demonstrate understanding of Harvard Style referencing and citation  Paraphrase and summarise materials without plagiarising

3. the University of Greenwich Part One: Common Assessment Types

4. the University of Greenwich Common assessment types: (1)  Constrained time:  Exams  Tests  Take home tests  Limited time:  Reports  Essays  Assignments  Presentations  Projects/ Dissertations

5. the University of Greenwich Common assessment types: (2)  Formative  mainly intended to help the student learn  most often used part way through a course to give students feedback to improve their future performance  Provides the opportunity for students to learn from their successes and mistakes without fear  Summative assessment  assessment intended to identify how much has been learnt  Associated with the accumulation of marks to place a figure on performance

6. the University of Greenwich Reports  Highly structured form of writing  Often following conventions that have been laid down to produce a common format.  Structure and convention in written reports  removes the ‘prose’ and packing  Avoids the use of subjective language  Most reports have a progressive numbering system such as the decimal notation system.

7. the University of Greenwich Reports: decimal notation system  The main sections are given single Arabic numbers: 1, 2, 3 etc.  Sub-sections are given a decimal number: 1.1, 1.2,1.3 etc.  Sub-sections can be further divided: 1.11, 1.12, 1.13 etc.  For example: 1. Introduction 1.1 ———————- 1.11 ———————- 1.2 ———————- 1.21 ———————- 2. Methodology 2.1 ———————- 2.11 ———————- 2.12 ———————-

8. the University of Greenwich Essays:  An answer to a question in the form of continuous, connected prose.  The object of the essay is to connect with the reader to:  discuss  evaluate  analyse  summarise and  Critique Note: to critique is not necessarily negative

9. the University of Greenwich Examinations and Tests  Comparatively short, timed conditions  Exams usually 3 hours  Tests usually 1 hour  Usually under observed conditions  Ensures it is the student's own work  Types:  'seen' where questions are given at a pre-specified date beforehand.  'open-book' during the exam students have access to texts and/or their notes  'unseen'  Drawbacks:  short time may lead to superficial answers  may also encourage the rote learning

10. the University of Greenwich Part Two: Referencing

11. the University of Greenwich Why reference?  You are required to:  demonstrate academic honesty  avoidance of cheating and plagiarism  tell your reader where an idea or quotation came from  give credibility to your essay by justifying your statement  Avoiding misrepresentation of authors

12. the University of Greenwich What to reference?  Any source  books, journals, chapters in edited books, articles, newspapers, websites  Referencing must cover  direct quotations  statistics  your paraphrasing of other authors’ ideas or evidence  Harvard system is two parts: text and reference list at end

13. the University of Greenwich Harvard Referencing: Harvard style referencing and citation:  Citation:  In-text acknowledgement of a source. - In paraphrasing and - In quoting (quote sparingly)  Referencing:  A means of matching citations with enough information to find a source. - Bibliography or - Reference lists

14. the University of Greenwich Citation and quotation (1):  Ordinary Citations:  Author’s surname and year of publication in brackets: - Further research was carried out by Duncan (2008). - In a research report (Voas, 2002), …  Citation of multiple publications by same author  Add suffix a, b, c etc to date according to the order they are mentioned in: - “Morrison (2003a) stated that …”  Citation of work my more than one author  3 or fewer authors as per one author: - Cutler, Williams and Williams (2000) state that….  4 or more authors use et al.: - Matlock, J. et al. (2005)

15. the University of Greenwich Citation and quotation (2):  Quotations i.e. if you are using exact text…  Use speech marks and name, year and page number - Gilb and Doake (2000) state that “the road is …” (p.10). - Duncan et al. (1999, p.33) conclude that “there is no right answer on this matter….” - Rawson states that “Learning to learn has become a part of the skills agenda” (2000, p.1).

16. the University of Greenwich Quotations  If a direct quote is less than about 30 words, use quotation marks.  If a direct quote is more than about 30 words, use a new paragraph indented.  If you want a direct quote but only want sentences one and three, not all three then use …  If you want to add a word to make sense then use [ ]

17. the University of Greenwich The reference list (1):  Must include every item referred to through quotation and citation.  Listed alphabetically by author  Not ordered by type of resource  Must have sufficient information for an interested party to find what you have been using/ reading  Each item listed is written up in a particular style

18. the University of Greenwich The reference list (2):  Books  Surname and then initial of author(s)  Year  Title  Place of publication  Publisher  Title underlined or italicised  If more than one edition give edition Example Young, H. (1990) One of Us, London: Pan

19. the University of Greenwich The reference list (3):  Journals  Surname and initial of author(s)  Year  Title of article in quotation marks  Name of journal (underlined or italicised)  volume number, issue number  pages.  Example:  Bryson, C., Jackson, M. and Leopold, J. (1995) ‘The impact of self-governing trusts on trade unions and staff associations in the NHS’ Industrial Relations Journal, 26, 2, 120-135.

20. the University of Greenwich Part Three: Paraphrasing and summarising

21. the University of Greenwich Plagiarism:  Considered an Academic Offence at Greenwich:  Using other people’s work and submitting it as though it were one’s own. - except for quotations from published and unpublished sources  Using your own work for more than one submission without making this overt  Falsifying research results  Falsifying reading lists  Sham paraphrasing  Collaborating with other students when asked to work individually  Therefore it is important to know what is and isn’t acceptable.

22. the University of Greenwich Don’t Need to Acknowledge  Your own words observations, surveys and so on common knowledge  Facts available in many sources  Graphs or tables you create from statistics you compile on your own  Drawings you create

23. the University of Greenwich Paraphrasing  Involves rewriting a section from the source – using different words but keeping the meaning.  useful when you are dealing with facts and definitions.  Must still be cited and referenced.  Process: 1.Read the text and check the meaning of unknown terms in a dictionary. 2.Make notes of key points, drawing relational diagrams to help 3.Put the original text aside and rewrite the main points more fully. 4.Compare the original to the paraphrase to make sure you have the main points. 5.Remember, if the text uses specialised vocabulary this should not be altered and you would be better quoting.

24. the University of Greenwich Sham Paraphrasing:  This is paraphrasing where on few words were changed or some sentences or words rearranged.  Anything that is too similar to the original text’s wording and/or structure - even if referenced!  This is still plagiarism.

25. the University of Greenwich Summarising  An overview of a text  The main points are noted but specific details and examples are omitted.  The main objective is to reduce a text to it's most important ideas.  Must be cited and referenced!