1. Joints

2. Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthrosis -- An immovable joint separated by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue
Example: Sutures of the skull

3. Functional Classification of Joints
Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints that are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Example: Ribs to sternum

4. Functional Classification of Joints
Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints
Example: Arms and Legs

5. Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous: Bones are held together by fibrous tissue
Example: Sutures of the skull

6. Structural Classification of Joints
Syndesmosomes: The connecting fibers are longer than they are in a suture – The joint has more give than a fibrous joint
Example: Distal end of the tibia and fibula

7. Structural Classification of Joints
Cartilaginous Joints: The bone ends are connected by cartilage
Example: Intervertebral joints

8. Structural Classification of Joints
Synovial Joints: Articulating bone ends are separated by a cavity with synovial fluid
Example: All joints in the limbs

9. Bursa Sacs
Bursa: Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid
Function: Work to reduce friction at joint where rubbing occurs
Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa

10. Tendon Sheath
Tendon Sheath: An elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
Function: Protects the tendon from friction

11. Types of Joints Plane Joint: Articular surfaces are flat
Allows only short slipping and gliding type movements
Nonaxial: No rotation around an axis
Example: Intercarpals (wrist)

12. Types of Joints (Cont.)
Hinge Joint: Cylindrical end of bone fits into a trough shaped surface on another bone
Uniaxial: Allow movement in only one axis
Example: Elbow joint

13. Types of Joints (Cont.)
Pivot Joint: The rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of another bone
Uniaxial
Example: Proximal radioulnar joint

14. Types of Joints (Cont.)
Condyloid Joint: Egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits into the oval concavity of another
Biaxial: Can move side to side and back and forth
Example: Tibia Femur joint

15. Types of Joints (Cont.)
Saddle Joints: Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
Biaxial
Example: Carpal and metacarpal – Allows you to twiddle thumbs

16. Types of Joints (Cont.)
Ball and Socket: Spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket on the other bone
Multiaxial: Allows full range of motion
Example: Shoulder and hip

17. Dislocations
Bones in joint become misaligned or displaced

18. Types of Body Movements
Abduction: Move away from midline
Adduction: Move toward the midline

19. Types of Body Movements
Flexion: Movement that decreases the angle – Bending—

20. Types of Body Movements
Extension: Increases the angle –Straightening—

21. Types of Body Movements
Rotation: Movement of a bone around a longitudinal axis