1. The Civil Rights Era The Two Phases: Nonviolence & Violent

2. CLASSIFIED CASE FILE The Two Phases of the Civil Rights Era MLK and Malcolm X were the most effective and lasting voices of the Civil Rights Era. Despite similar goals, they each represented distinct wings of the movement they helped to lead.

3. Historiography

4.  Martin Luther King Jr. – who was he?  Son of a pastor, Atlanta, GA  1954, King becomes a pastor (age 26)  1954, King becomes president of the organization leading the Montgomery Bus Boycott – The Montgomery Improvement Association  A yearlong struggle often marred by white segregationist violence  Bus lines reopened on a nondiscriminatory basis MLK

5.  1957, helps find the SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference  Purpose:  To mount and coordinate civil rights activities using mass nonviolent actions and civil disobedience across the South  Would spend his life traveling and speaking extensively around the country, gaining support for African-Americans’ equal rights cause  Constantly risked prison, injury, and death as helped lead the social movement. MLK

6.  His Role  Led civil disobedience campaigns  Strategist, theorist, interpreter, and symbol maker MLK

7.  Malcolm X – who was he?  Born Malcolm Little, Omaha, NE  Also a son of a preacher  Father was an organizer for Marcus Garvey  Stressed Black Pride and independence, separation from whites, and an internationalist Pan-African identity  Father murdered when Malcolm was 4  KKK connection to the murder Malcolm X

8.  Recipient of public welfare as a child  Mother has mental breakdown  Malcolm now a ward of the state  Lived in white foster homes  Attended white schools  8 th grade – end of his formal education  Descended into a life of crime  Prison 1946-1952 Malcolm X

9.  Prison, Malcolm converts to Islam  Joins the NOI (Nation of Islam)  NOI’s appeal:  Lower-class, urban African-Americans from the South who had been disappointed by the northern “promised land” and found themselves trapped in racial ghettos with little hope of social- economic advancement Malcolm X

10.  Malcolm was taught that his race was “original man” with Asiatic roots and that Islam was the black man’s “natural” religion.  Taught to isolate themselves from the white devils, both in order to purify themselves to fulfill their divine mission and toe escape the holocaust about to descend on white – taught white s would be annihilated.  Replaced his “slave name,” Little, with an X to symbolize his ancestors’ lost African name Malcolm X

11. Who authored the document? When was the document authored? What type of document? Who was the audience for the document? Why was it created? Who was the aggressor in the incident according to the document? Document 1 Document 2 See Handout Detective Log

25. Questions to Consider  What questions did you ask while evaluating these sources?  On what points do the accounts agree?  On what points do the accounts differ?  Which of these sources aligns most closely with what you already knew about the MLK and Malcolm X? Please explain?  Which of these sources is most reliable in determining what actions of the events that unfolded during the Civil Rights Era? Why do you think so?  If you were asked to write your own historical account of the events during the events and historical personalities of the Civil Rights Era, how would you go about doing it?

26. Cracking the Case Based on your analysis of the documents and citing evidence to support your answer, please write a two-page summary, which answers the following questions: Compare and Contrast the approach that both MLK and Malcolm X took during the Civil Rights Era. Was Malcolm X justified with his call to action through violence in order to effect change? If you were faced with a similar dilemma and asked to lead a movement to effect change, which approach would you implement? Please explain

27. Ghetto Uprisings  Violence and uprisings widespread – 4 corners  Johnson appoints commission Causes:  segregation and poverty  white racism  Black unemployment twice that of whites  Income half

28. Ghetto Uprisings

30. The Rise of Black Power  X was the intellectual father of “Black Power”  SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael  “Black Power” a rallying cry for those bitter over the federal gov’t failure to stop violence against civil rights workers, white attempts to determine movement strategy, and the failure of the civil rights movement to have an impact on the economic problems of black ghettos.

31. The Rise of Black Power  Black Power means Black Freedom  Freedom - freedom from the whites who tried to restrict the movement’s goals  A Voice - Promoted the election of more black officials  Revolution - Promoted the belief that black Americans were a colonized people whose freedom could only be won through a revolutionary struggle for self-determination  Slogan - Black is beautiful  Abandoned the word “Negro” in favor of “Afro-American”  Black Panther Party – advocated armed self-defense in response to police brutality

32. The Rise of Black Power

34. Compare and Contrast MLK and Malcolm X