1. Presented By Nisha Aryal Abdullah Shibli Sadiq TRANSACTIONAL FRICTION BETWEEN NGOs AND PUBLIC AGENCIES IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: CULTURE OR DEPENDENCY?

2. About Author Dr. Ishtiaq Jamil Department of Administration and Organization Theory University of Bergen, Norway

3. Overview History of Government-NGO Relationship Does Culture Matter? The Cultural Landscape in Bangladesh NGOs Involvement in Political and Social Issues Country Perspective

4. History Of NGOs in Bangladesh 1960 1970 1971 1980

5. Sectors covered by NGOs Poverty Alleviation Family Planning Basic Literacy Women Empowerment Legal and Human Rights Rural Development Health care Democratic Practices

6. Reasons for NGOs Growth - Channeling Foreign Assistance - Greater Flexibility in Operation - To promote Democracy and Pluralism

7. Classification of NGOs Purely Foreign Origin Local but Funded from Abroad Small NGOs which operate Locally

8. Cultural Landscape in Bangladesh High Degree of Power distance - Subordinates feel comfortable to work under superiors Superior-Subordinate relationships are characterized by: - Protection - Favor of superiors - Respect and loyalty

9. Does Culture matter? Right decision Speed and efficiency of work Organizational capacity to change Attitude of outside stakeholders (Culture can be supportive or create hinder for implementation of new initiatives and the achievements of its overall goal)

10. Hofstede’s four cultural dimension Power distance Individualism Vs. Collectivism Masculinity – Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance

11. Hypothesis 1 The Smaller the gaps to organizational cultural norms and values between NGOs and government agencies, the less is the transactional friction.

12. Hypothesis 2 The more NGOs are characterized by a culture of organizational flexibility, the fewer problems they experience in interacting with government agencies.

13. Hypothesis 3 The Larger an Ngo is, the fewer its problems of communication with government agencies.

14. Hypothesis 4 The more opportunities of learning through experience that an NGO has had in carrying out development activities, the less is the problem in communicating with government agencies.

15. Hypothesis 5 Foreign NGOs have greater financial and technical leverages than local NGOs. The greater the economic and technical skill leverage of NGOs to implement development programs, the easier they find it to communicate with government agencies.

16. Hypothesis 6 The greater the resistance from political and rural elites to NGO activities, the greater is the problem of interaction with the government.

17. Cultural Norms among Bureaucracy and NGOs Bangladeshi Bureaucracy Bangladeshi NGOs Foreign NGOs Authoritarian5.74.84.5 Democratic Work relation 4.38.08.2 Rule Orientation 9.08.18.4 Result Orientation 4.17.75.9

18. Cultural Distance between Bureaucracy and NGOs Bangladeshi NGOs Anglo-Saxon NGOs Nordic-Dutch NGOs Bangladeshi Bureaucracy 282627 Bangladeshi NGOs -1113 Anglo-Saxon NGOs --14

19. IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL

20. History of NGO involvement DatesGoverning institution of NGO Funds Prior 1990 SWNCCGovernment consolidated funds 1990DAO,SWCDirectly to NGO

21. Growth of NGOs Source: Social Welfare Council, 2014

22. Relationship between NGO and Govt. Sometimes uneasy Competition for development funds 2003, strict regulation for INGO

23. NGOs views towards govt. Neglect capacity building Government lacks co ordination NGO performances are not taken with respect State security force harass NGO (Source: ADB, 2005)

24. Example: Understanding Organizational Culture Understanding organizational culture in a development NGO in Nepal by applying academic theory to witnessed Organizational Behavior Schueber M., 2009,Omertaa, Journal for Applied Anthropology, http://www.omertaa.org/archieve/omertaa.0050.pdf

25. Reflection of SRWSP’s Culture

26. Case specific culture development National Culture of Nepal Corporate Culture of Helvetas NGO culture of SRWSP High power distance *Chakari Flat organization systemUse of polite language and respect towards member of low caste Collectivism *Afno manchhe FairnessPurposeful employment from different caste Autocratic valuesAppreciation of Democracy Voices of villagers are acknowledge Rules OrientatedResult OrientatedRegular field visit by all section leader

27. Cultural norms between Bureaucracy and NGOs Nepalese BureaucracyNGO Rules orientationMoreLess Result OrientationLessMore Power DistanceHighLow PoliticizationHighLow Democratic work relationLowHigh (Source: Dangal,2005) * Administrative Culture In Nepal: Does It Reflects The Dominant Socio Cultural Values Of Nepal?

28. Learning Points NGOs are democratic and result oriented compared to Bangladeshi's bureaucracy The gap between the bureaucracy and the NGOs are wider than the gap within the NGOs Bangladeshi NGOs are more result oriented than others The larger the overall cultural distance, the smoother is the transaction with bureaucracy

29. Critical Analysis Research is limited to Bangladesh Actual problem of NGOs with bureaucracy – not measured Based on generalization

30. Conclusion Cultural differences were insignificant among NGOs NGO- reflects international culture Bangladeshi Bureaucracy – less hierarchy Higher resource- Less friction

31. Thank you!