1. CELL DIFFERENTIATION

2. With cells: Structure determines function
Different Cell Types
With cells: Structure determines function
Neuron Cell
Paramecium
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Elodea Cell
Cheek Cells

3. Cell Specialization
Cells differentiate because of DNA expression and gene activity.
All cells contain the same DNA and the potential to become any type of cell
However, differentiation can not be reversed
All of our body cells have the same chromosomes and DNA

4. Genes are influenced by the cell’s environment
The parts of DNA that are activated determine the function of specialized cells
Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells
Genes are influenced by the cell’s environment
Ex. Chemical signals released by other cells
Ex. Radiation and other mutagens

5. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. Embryonic cells that have not yet differentiated are called embryonic stem cells Stem cells found in organisms (ex. bone marrow) are called adult stem cells

6. Both types of stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells under the right lab conditions.
Applications:
Currently: stem cell transplant (bone marrow) for cancer
Future: treatment of Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and other nervous system disorders
Future: treatment of Type I diabetes in Children

7. Ethical Concerns of Research