1. SOC101Y Introduction to Sociology Professor Adam Green Lecture #11 Gender Inequality 9 Jan 13

2. GENDER INEQUALITY in the LABOUR MARKET Inequalities in the labour market can take a number of forms: 1. Disparities in wages by sex 2. Vertical occupational segregation 3. Horizontal occupational segregation

3. Ratio of Female to Male Earnings, by Marital Status, Canada, 1976-2008 Never-married All Married Year Ratio of female to male earnings 1976 1992 2008 Note: At the 1976-2008 rate of improvement, women’s earnings will equal men’s earnings in 2088.

5. 2 Short Films http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/soc 101y/brym/movies.html

6. THEORIES OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOUR MARKET 1. OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION 2. HUMAN CAPITAL DIFFERENCES 3. SOCIAL CAPITAL DIFFERENCES 4. STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION/SEXISM 

7. OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION 1. Internal Labour Markets / Short promotion ladders 2. Horizontal Occupational Segregation / Incomparable Worth

9. HUMAN CAPITAL A composite measure of a worker’s: a) Commitment to the job b) Educational attainment c) Job experience

10. PENALTIES TO HUMAN CAPITAL FOR WOMEN 1. Career disruptions owing to pregnancy 2. Child & elderly care 3. Domestic labour 4. Non-standard work

11. Percentage of Men and Women in Paid Labour Force Men Women Percentage 1946 2010 Canada, 1946-2010 Male-Female Difference, Rich Countries, 2008

12. Paid and Unpaid Work, Men and Women, 25-54 yrs., Canada, 1985 and 2005 Hours per day  Men’s paid up 12 mins/day  Men’s unpaid up 24 mins/day  Women’s paid up 66 mins/day  Women’s unpaid down 30 mins/day  Men’s total up 36 min/day  Women’s total up 36 min/day

13. Public Spending on Family Benefits, 2005 (cash, services and family tax breaks as percent of GDP) Percent

14. Child Care in Canada, by Province, 2007-08 Percent of children between the ages of 0 and 12 for whom there is a regulated child care space Province (government child care spending per child in parentheses)

16. SHORT FILM: Statistical Discrimination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGc0Ko udrEA

17. Women in National Parliaments, 2009, in percent (n=147) Women as percent of total Canada 47th @ 22.1% USA 71st @ 16.8% World mean @ 18.6%

18. Percent Function Women in Canadian Political Parties, 1992 (in percent)