1. Reducing Ammonia Emissions in Europe – with focus on Denmark Senior Researcher Brian H. Jacobsen Institute of Food and Resource Economics University of Copenhagen E-mail: Brian@foi.dk

2. Content 1. Reducing ammonia in Europe – until now 2. Measures to reduce emissions in DK 3. Regulation and limitations on farms (BAT) 4. Societal optimal levels of emissions

5. Emissions in Europe Reduction of 24% from 1990 to 2008 The 2010 emission will be under the NEC 2010 target

6. Ammonia emissions in DK divided according to type of animal 2003-2007 Danish ammonia emission 2003-2007

7. Danish measures (1985- 2008) Storage of slurry (natural cover or solid) Higher N-utilization on application - from broad spreading to injection - quicker incorporation Improved feeding (lower N) Ban on the use of ammonia in straw Reduction is 29% from 2000 to 2008

8. Future measures Pigs : - Stables (slatted surface < 50%) - Feeding (new and old stables) - Cooling of slurry - Air cleaning - Acidification - Air cleaning with biological filter Air cleaning with acid Partly slatted floor Tent as slurry cover

9. Future measures to reduce NH3-N Dairy cows : - Type of stable - Acidification - Starting point is the norms for 2005/06 - Choice of reference technology is important - Technology assessment is required before you build Prefabricated floor

10. Future Danish regulation Choice of technology has to be BAT (best available technology) Emission in 2010 should be 30% under reference technology Emission near protected area may not be increased or only relatively little More difficult to find locations where production can be increased Could reduce the total number of livestock Application procedure still takes a long time

11. Recommended NH3 emissions (finishing pigs) Average emission (kg NH3/pig) Reductio n (%) Cost per pig (€/pig) Env. Cost (€/kg NH3) Baseline0.4400 75-210 LU0.29340 - 0.670 – 4.4 210-500 LU0.26410.53 - 0.672.9 – 3.7 > 500 LU0.16630.8 - 1.072.9 – 3.8 - Reduction increase with farm size - Economics of size is counteracted 1 LU = 35 finishing pigs

12. Environmental regulation Benefit >> costsNew regulation Benefit ≈ costsNew regulation has to be analyzed more Benefit << costsNo new regulation

13. Value of reducing emissions (damage cost) € per kg NH3 Belgium30 – 87 Netherlands22 - 64 Germany18 - 51 UK17 - 50 Denmark8 – 23 Spain4 – 13 Nec 2020 analysis (Ilasa)

14. Loss of lives in months due to PPM 2.5 emission Year 2000 Minimum possible (MMR)

15. Ecosystem area with nitrogen deposition exceeding critical loads Year 2000 Minimum possible (MMR)

16. Cost of implementation (selected measures) (€/kg NH3) UKUSNLDK Replace urea0.25Cheap Injection /trailing shoe 0.460.25 Solid cover on slurry tanks ExpensivePartly required Feeding135-90-5 Reduce slatted area 322-4

17. Future EU NH3 emission - From 2010 and beyond (EU 27) (index 100 = year 2000)

18. Ecosystem area with nitrogen deposition exceeding critical loads (% of area after 2020 ranking) 20002020Minimum Germany989469 Belgium958863 Netherlands948776 France988750 Denmark978072 Spain887248 UK281711 EU 27715937 Nec 2020 analysis (Ilasa)

19. Conclusions Ammonia emission has been reduced in EU by 28% from 1990 to 2008. Some countries (US) find it difficult to estimate the emission. Technologies to reduce emissions further are available in DK, but they are more expensive than in previous regulation. Cost of technologies seems to vary by country, indicating lower costs in countries with strict regulation. Marginal damage costs are larger than the costs for the farmer, but there is a large variation between countries (cost  benefit). Worldwide, the emission will probably increase towards 2020, but it will be reduced in EU.

20. Please - I am doing my very best