2. The Great Trek Westwards

3. They traveled the road of hardship

4. The Great Trek westwards had been turned into many different movies (Dances with Wolves). In 1800 the United States of America was still a young country, which had just come into being. It consisted of the states east and south of the Great Lakes. No lands to the west of the Mississippi river were explored. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to the American congress, calling for an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. In the next sixty years, four expeditions set out to explore the land. In the two decades before the Civil War (1861--1865), thousands of Americans moved to the west.

5. As many as 250,000 people traveled overland to northern California, while untold thousands to southern California by way of the various southern routes. About 43,000 people reached Oregon, and a similar number settled in Utah. In search of land, they suffered a great deal on the journey. No roads existed, and there were no villages on the way. Many people died either from hunger, thirst or tiredness. Some groups got lost in the desert while some other groups were frozen to death in terrible snow storms in the mountains. In later years, many people who had made the journey wrote down their experiences.

6. Lead-in and Pre-reading Who the Native Americans were? Where did they live and what do you know about their life? Who the Native Americans were? Where did they live and what do you know about their life? The Native Americans were the Indian. They lived in the vast land of West America and their life was simple and hard. They hunt the bison and other animals for food on horses.

8. Detailed information: 1.The reason why my father wanted to go to California is that. A. it was in desert B. it was far away C. it was a wonderful land described in a book D. California was the largest state in the USA 2.People moving to the west would meet in _____ A. Kansas B. California C. Salt Lake Valley D. Salt Lake Desert 3.On which day did the author enter the Salt Lake Desert? A. April 12. B. November 4. C. October 15.D. December 25. Detailed information: 1.The reason why my father wanted to go to California is that. A. it was in desert B. it was far away C. it was a wonderful land described in a book D. California was the largest state in the USA 2.People moving to the west would meet in _____ A. Kansas B. California C. Salt Lake Valley D. Salt Lake Desert 3.On which day did the author enter the Salt Lake Desert? A. April 12. B. November 4. C. October 15.D. December 25.

9. 4. Why did the animals almost run when the travelers reached the edge of the desert ? A. Because they were tired and weak. B. Because they had no burden. C. Because they must have smelt the water. D. Because they went back to their home. 5. From the text, we can infer. A. they had to go all day and all night long B. there was no oxen left when the travelers reached California C. many travelers died when their days of hardship came to an end D.it’s a long way to travel from the author’s hometown to California 4. Why did the animals almost run when the travelers reached the edge of the desert ? A. Because they were tired and weak. B. Because they had no burden. C. Because they must have smelt the water. D. Because they went back to their home. 5. From the text, we can infer. A. they had to go all day and all night long B. there was no oxen left when the travelers reached California C. many travelers died when their days of hardship came to an end D.it’s a long way to travel from the author’s hometown to California

10. 6.Why did the travelers call their ninety-mile drive through the Salt Lake Desert the “Long Drive”? A Because the landscape was dry and barren. B. Because water was salty and not drinkable. C. Because their water supply was so low. D. All of the above. 7.Why didn’t the author stay behind with the children and wait for help? A. Because that meant he/she would die. B. Because he/she knew that children were tiresome. C. Because he/she knew that there was a wagon waiting for him/her. D. Because he/she felt he/she could get a prize by his/her father. 6.Why did the travelers call their ninety-mile drive through the Salt Lake Desert the “Long Drive”? A Because the landscape was dry and barren. B. Because water was salty and not drinkable. C. Because their water supply was so low. D. All of the above. 7.Why didn’t the author stay behind with the children and wait for help? A. Because that meant he/she would die. B. Because he/she knew that children were tiresome. C. Because he/she knew that there was a wagon waiting for him/her. D. Because he/she felt he/she could get a prize by his/her father.

11. 8. What was probably in the young man’s mind ? the author should stay with the children because people behind would help them. A. the author should stay with the children because people behind would help them. B. the author could not walk any further so he should stay with the children for a rest. B. the author could not walk any further so he should stay with the children for a rest. C. the author and the children were a heavy burden for the group. C. the author and the children were a heavy burden for the group. 9. Why could they not help one another in the Death Valley? A. the situation was so desperate that people had to suffer heat, thirst, and starvation B. people could only try to save themselves and their animals as the situation was so desperate. C. people had to abandon their wagons and hurry on to save themselves. 8. What was probably in the young man’s mind ? the author should stay with the children because people behind would help them. A. the author should stay with the children because people behind would help them. B. the author could not walk any further so he should stay with the children for a rest. B. the author could not walk any further so he should stay with the children for a rest. C. the author and the children were a heavy burden for the group. C. the author and the children were a heavy burden for the group. 9. Why could they not help one another in the Death Valley? A. the situation was so desperate that people had to suffer heat, thirst, and starvation B. people could only try to save themselves and their animals as the situation was so desperate. C. people had to abandon their wagons and hurry on to save themselves.

13. 10.How long did the author spend finishing the journey in the desert? A. More than 50 days. B. About 2 months. C. About a year. D. About a year and a month. 11.The best title of the text is. A. A Journey To California B. Long Drive C. The Salt Lake Desert D. Enjoy Your Life 10.How long did the author spend finishing the journey in the desert? A. More than 50 days. B. About 2 months. C. About a year. D. About a year and a month. 11.The best title of the text is. A. A Journey To California B. Long Drive C. The Salt Lake Desert D. Enjoy Your Life

14. 2.The chart of the passage: The reason of starting the journey The process of the journey The end of the journey (Para. 1) ( Para 2-5)(Para 6) Father, a book. California Wagons, April,12 1848, by day, the most trying part, Salt Lake Desert, Death Valley At 3 o’clock, Christmas Day

15. 在落基山脉的那一边 忘带；留下 让某人萌生 … 想法 动身出发, 开始了横越大陆 由牛拉曳的四轮车 几匹 ( 驾车 ) 马 白天里 / 在黑夜 站着，站起来； ( 病后 ) 恢复 还有 500 公里要走 the land beyond the Rocky Mountain leave behind set off for one’s journey across the continent wagons drawn by oxen a team of horses by day/at night on one’s feet with another 500 miles to go give sb. the idea to do sth.

16. 极度的需要 / 渴望 ( 沿..) 排列着 习惯于 … 遭受 … 折磨 变得更糟 急于赶到安全的地方 被褥, 衣服和许多其它物品 四肢着地, 爬着 盯着看 … in desperate need of be lined with get worse in anxiety of reaching a place of safety bedding,clothing and many other articles on all fours be accustomed to… suffer from…. stare at…

17. I will never forget the winter of 1846, when we crossed the Salt Lake Desert. Soon after we entered it, we lost our way. Anyone with common sense knows that people cannot go through deserts without water. Our water was getting less and less, and we couldn’t find new water sources. The animals that were too weak to pull their burden were killed. We had to walk out of the desert. For many weeks we had been accustomed to seeing dead animals and abandoned wagons along the road.

18. The situation was so desperate that no one could take it easy. Each person was only interested in saving himself. Once I got too weak and tired and was almost left behind, but I managed to keep up with the others. We had almost lost heart when a valley with fat cattle and horses came into our sight. We knew that we had reached our destination and our days of hardship had come to an end.

19. Integrating skills

20. 1 Can you guess who are these people? 2 Where do they live? 3 what kind of transportation do they use? Lead-in

21. Useful expressions 80 周年纪念日 同时间赛跑 在 100 英里以外 防止大灾难 大量备有 … 一支狗接力队 行程 … 分秒必争 包扎 在危险中 一座青铜塑像 纪念某人 冒着生命危险 the 80th anniversary of… a race against time lay 1000 miles away prevent a catastrophe have a good supply of… a relay of dog team cover a distance of Every minute counts tie up at stake a bronze sculpture of a memorial to sb risk one’s life

22. Reading 1. Who do you think the three persons are? What are they talking about? 1. Who do you think the three persons are? What are they talking about? 2. Where did the story happen? And what happened to the children? 3. Where could they get the vaccine that would save the children? 4. What difficulties did they meet on the way and how did they overcome them?

23. Reading 1. Who do you think the three persons are? What are they talking about? I think Mr. Rivers is the host of a program. I guess Mr. Parks is a historian or something else. Ms. Welch is the granddaughter of Dr 1. Who do you think the three persons are? What are they talking about? I think Mr. Rivers is the host of a program. I guess Mr. Parks is a historian or something else. Ms. Welch is the granddaughter of Dr

24. Welch. And Dr Welch was a doctor of a small city called Nome. 2. Where did the story happen? And what happened to the children? The story happened in a small city called Nome. Some children in the city had a terrible disease and they would die if they couldn’t get enough vaccine. Welch. And Dr Welch was a doctor of a small city called Nome. 2. Where did the story happen? And what happened to the children? The story happened in a small city called Nome. Some children in the city had a terrible disease and they would die if they couldn’t get enough vaccine.

25. 3. Where could they get the vaccine that would save the children? A hospital in Anchorage had a good supply of vaccine. It was far away from Nome. 4. What difficulties did they meet on the way and how did they overcome them? 3. Where could they get the vaccine that would save the children? A hospital in Anchorage had a good supply of vaccine. It was far away from Nome. 4. What difficulties did they meet on the way and how did they overcome them?

26. They faced many difficulties. First, the time was limited. The children would die if their treatment was delayed too long. Second, at that time, the sea was frozen and the only two planes had been stored, nothing got to Nome quickly. Third, The Arctic winter was very cold and there were terrible storms.

27. Post-reading Questions on P53 and P54. Suggested answers: 1. Flu and diphtheria 2. As we all know, SARS spread through the world in 2003. SARS is short for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Questions on P53 and P54. Suggested answers: 1. Flu and diphtheria 2. As we all know, SARS spread through the world in 2003. SARS is short for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.

28. 3. Dr Welch could save the children if he could get enough vaccine as quickly as possible. 4. Relay is an act of passing something along from one person, group, or station to another. We have relay race in sports, and torch relay. 3. Dr Welch could save the children if he could get enough vaccine as quickly as possible. 4. Relay is an act of passing something along from one person, group, or station to another. We have relay race in sports, and torch relay.

29. 5. A relay of dog sleds was chosen as the best transportation because in 1925, nothing got to Nome quickly, the sea was frozen, and the only two planes had been stored. 5. A relay of dog sleds was chosen as the best transportation because in 1925, nothing got to Nome quickly, the sea was frozen, and the only two planes had been stored.

30. Language points

31. 1. I can quickly adapt myself to new circumstances. circumstance 常用作复数，意为 “ 环境， 情况；境况 ” 。 与其相关的常见短语有： in/under the circumstances 在目前情况下；

32. in/under no circumstances 在任何情况 下都不（置于句首时，句子需用倒装语 序）。如： Circumstances permitting, I’ll go abroad to study. 情况允许的话，我将要出国读书。

33. I had to give up my attempt in the circumstances. 在目前情况下我不得不放弃尝试。 Under no circumstances will I let my daughter marry such a person. 我决不把女儿嫁给这种人。

34. 2. I don’t lose heart when I fail to do something. lose heart 意为 “ 灰心，泄气 ” 。 注意比较： lose one’s heart to sb 意为 “ 爱上了某人 ” 。

35. 如： Don’t lose heart when you come across difficulties. 遇到困难时你不要灰心。 He lost his heart to the famous actress. 他爱上了那个著名的女演员。

36. 3.apply…to… 把 … 运用到 apply on4eself to sth=devote oneself to sth 致力于 eg: You’d better apply what you’ve learnt to your work. 4.take a close look at 仔细打量 take it easy 别紧张 5.survival n. survive v. surviver n. 6.satisfy one’s need: meet one’s need 7.leave…behind 忘记带；留下；使落后 eg: I’m afraid we have to leave Tom behind. Without reform, China would be left behind further. I left my homework behind. *leave out 遗漏 leave..alone 别烦 … ，让它去 leave for sp 离开去..

37. 8.pull up 停在一边 eg: The driver pulled up his car at the gate. 9.sb be in desperate/great need of sth 很需要 sth be in great need *desperate adj. 绝望的 be desperate for 渴望 eg: The enemy were in a desperate state. despair vi. 绝望 despair of doing sth despairing adj. 感到绝望的, 没有希望的 10.With sth to do eg: With two exams to worry about, I determine not to go to the concert with you.

38. 11.be accustomed to = be used to eg: The boy soon was accustomed to the new environment. 12.be lined with eg: The street was lined with people on either side. 13.save…from eg: We must do something to save the temple from ruin. 14.cover a distance of 走过了 eg: The Red Army covered 25,000 li on the Long March.

39. 15.tie up 捆，系 16.be at stake: be in danger eg: His reputation was at stake. 17.deliver … to sb 18.keep doing 持续做（接静态 v. stand, lie, sit ） keep on doing 反复做 eg: The students kept sitting there, writing all the time. He kept on phoning me.

40. 19. This account of the wonderful land beyond the Rocky Mountains gave him the idea to move there. 19. This account of the wonderful land beyond the Rocky Mountains gave him the idea to move there. beyond 作介词时，主要用法有： (1) ( 表示位置 ) 在 …… 的那边；在 …… 之外。如： (1) ( 表示位置 ) 在 …… 的那边；在 …… 之外。如：

41. My uncle lives beyond the river. 我叔叔住在河的对岸。 My uncle lives beyond the river. 我叔叔住在河的对岸。 The airport is 40 miles beyond the town. 机场在离城 40 英里以外的地方。 The airport is 40 miles beyond the town. 机场在离城 40 英里以外的地方。 (2) ( 表示时间 ) 过了，比 …… 晚。如： My father arrived beyond eight o’clock. 我父亲过了八点钟才到。 My father arrived beyond eight o’clock. 我父亲过了八点钟才到。

42. He came home beyond the usual time. 他比平时回家晚。 He came home beyond the usual time. 他比平时回家晚。 (3) ( 表示范围、限度 ) 超出；为 …… 所 不及。如： (3) ( 表示范围、限度 ) 超出；为 …… 所 不及。如： If the work is beyond Tom, it is certainly beyond me. 如果汤姆干不了这项工作，我 也干不了。 If the work is beyond Tom, it is certainly beyond me. 如果汤姆干不了这项工作，我 也干不了。

43. They live beyond their income. 他们的生活入不敷出。 They live beyond their income. 他们的生活入不敷出。 (4) ( 常用于含疑问或否定意义的结构中 ) 除 …… 之外。如： (4) ( 常用于含疑问或否定意义的结构中 ) 除 …… 之外。如： I didn’t notice anything beyond his rather strange accent. 除了他那颇为古怪的口音以外， 我没有注意到别的。 I didn’t notice anything beyond his rather strange accent. 除了他那颇为古怪的口音以外， 我没有注意到别的。

44. They live beyond their income. 他们的生活入不敷出。 They live beyond their income. 他们的生活入不敷出。 (4) ( 常用于含疑问或否定意义的结构中 ) 除 …… 之外。如： (4) ( 常用于含疑问或否定意义的结构中 ) 除 …… 之外。如： I didn’t notice anything beyond his rather strange accent. 除了他那颇为古怪的口音以外， 我没有注意到别的。 I didn’t notice anything beyond his rather strange accent. 除了他那颇为古怪的口音以外， 我没有注意到别的。

45. beyond my power 意为 “ 超出了我的 权力范围 ” 。 20.... and the long walk through the sand was hard on the oxen. 此处 be hard on 意为 “ 够 … 受，使 … 难 以忍受 ” 。另外，它还可意为 “ 磨得厉害； 对 … 过于严厉，苛刻；紧跟等 ” 。如：

46. These rough roads are hard on your shoes. 这些崎岖的道路把鞋磨得厉害。 These rough roads are hard on your shoes. 这些崎岖的道路把鞋磨得厉害。 Don’t be too hard on your little son. 不要对你的儿子过于苛刻。 Don’t be too hard on your little son. 不要对你的儿子过于苛刻。 When I arrived there, I found that he was hard on me. 我到那儿时，发现他紧跟在我的后面。 When I arrived there, I found that he was hard on me. 我到那儿时，发现他紧跟在我的后面。

47. 21. If untreated, it would produce a powerful poison that would kill the patient. 句中 If untreated=If it was untreated 。 在含有时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从 句的复合句中，若从句的主语与主句的

48. 主语相同或从句的主语为 it ，且谓语部 分含有动词 be 时，常可省略主语和谓 语的一部分 — be 。 如： If (it is) necessary, I’ll leave. 如果必要的话，我将离开。

49. When (he was) asked by the police, he said that he remembered arriving at the party, but not leaving. 当被警察询问时，他说他记得参加 了那个聚会，但没有离开。