1. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes

2. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of protostome coelomates Spiral cleavage Determinate cleavage Development of the mouth from the blastosphore

3. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of protostome coelomates, cont. Coelom is a fluid-filled cavity lined with mesoderm Evolution of the coelom permitted many innovations, including –Tube-within-a-tube body plan –Hydrostatic skeleton

4. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of protostome coelomates, cont. Coelom provides space for development of internal organs and gonads Coelom helps transport materials and protects internal organs

5. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Protostome coelomates include two main branches Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

6. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Nemerteans Mollusks Annelids Lophophorate phyla Rotifers

7. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Longitudinal section of rotifer

8. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Ecdysozoa Nematodes Arthropods

9. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of phylum Nemertea Proboscis Reduced coelom: rhynchocoel Tube-within-a-tube body plan Complete digestive tract Mouth with anus

10. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Lateral view of a typical nemertean

11. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of phylum Platyhelminthes Acoelomate Bilateral symmetry Cephalization Three definite tissue layers

12. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of phylum Platyhelminthes, cont. Well-developed organs Many are hermaphrodites Ladder-type nervous system –Ganglia Protonephridia

13. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Phylum platyhelminthes Turbellaria –Free-living flatworms including planarians Trematoda and Monogenea –Parasitic flukes Cestoda –Parasitic tapeworms

14. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes The common planarian, Dugesia Internal structure LM of a living planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala

15. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Parasitic flukes and tapeworms typically have Suckers or hooks Complicated life cycles with intermediate hosts Large numbers of eggs

16. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Life cycle of the blood fluke

17. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Adaptive advantages of cephalization Beginnings of cephalization, increases the effectiveness of a bilateral animal to find food and detect enemies

18. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Mollusca Soft bodied animals usually covered by a shell Ventral foot for locomotion Mantle covering the visceral mass

19. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Mollusca, cont. Open circulatory system (except cephalopods) Metanephridia Radula Ciliated trochophore larva

20. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Four classes of Phylum Mollusca Polyplacophora Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda

21. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Polyplacophora Shells consist of eight overlapping plates –Chitons

22. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Polyplacophora

23. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Gastropoda Body undergoes torsion –Snails –Slugs –Relatives

24. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Gastropoda

25. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Embryonic torsion in a gastropod

26. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Bivalvia two-part, dorsally-hinged shell encloses body –Aquatic clams –Scallops –Oysters

27. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Bivalvia

28. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes

29. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Cephalopoda Active, predatory swimmers Tentacles surround the mouth located in the large head –Squids –Octopods –Nautilus

30. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Cephalopoda

31. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Annelida Segmented worms –Aquatic worms –Earthworms –Leeches

32. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Annelida, cont. Conspicuously long bodies –Internal and external segmentation Large compartmentalized coelom serves as a hydrostatic skeleton

33. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Phylum Annelida has three classes Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea

34. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes

35. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Polychaeta Marine worms with –Parapodia for locomotion and gas exchange –Setae on the parapodia

36. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Oligochaeta Earthworms –A few short setae per segment –Body is divided into more than 100 segments separated internally by septa

37. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Body plan of an earthworm

38. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Hirudinea Leeches –No setae –No appendages –Parasitic leeches have suckers for holding onto their host

39. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Nematoda Pseudocoelomates –Bilateral symmetry –Three tissue layers –Complete digestive tract –Body covered by cuticle

40. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Parasitic nematodes in humans Ascaris Hookworms Trichina worms Pinworms

41. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes The roundworm Ascaris (a) Longitudinal section (b) Cross section (b) (a)

42. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Arthropoda Segmented animals with –Paired, jointed appendages –Armor-like exoskeleton of chitin Molting is necessary for growth

43. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Arthropoda, cont. Open circulatory system Dorsal heart that pumps hemolymph

44. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Arthropoda, cont. Aquatic forms have gills Terrestrial forms have either tracheae or book lungs Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods covered by a hard, segmented shell

45. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Myriapoda Unbranched appendages and a single pair of antennae –Class Chilopoda –Class Diplopoda

46. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Trilobite Dorsal viewVentral view

47. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Chelicerata Body consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen, with six pairs of jointed appendages, four pairs of which serve as legs –Merostomes –Arachnids

48. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Chelicerata, cont. First pair of appendages are chelicerae Second pair are pedipalps No antennae No mandibles

49. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Crustacea Lobsters Crabs Shrimp Pillbugs Barnacles

50. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Anatomy of the lobster

51. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Crustacea, cont. Cephalothorax Abdomen Five pairs of walking legs Two pairs of antennae Mandibles Maxillae

52. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Hexapoda Includes class Insecta Branched appendages Single pair of antennae

53. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Hexapoda, cont. An insect is an articulated, tracheated hexapod with –Trachae –Malpighian tubes Body consists of –Head –Thorax –Abdomen

54. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Anatomy of the grasshopper

55. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Adaptations contributing to biological success of insects Versatile exoskeleton Segmentation Specialized jointed appendages Ability to fly Highly developed sense organs

56. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Adaptations contributing to biological success of insects, cont. Metamorphosis Effective reproductive stragegies Effective mechanisms for defense and offense Ability to communicate