1. 5.5 Classification

2. 5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. Physician Carolus Linnaeus (1708-1778) Each species has two names, to give a precise reference to this species Genus is given first and is always written with an upper case letter. – Homo Species follows the genus and is written in lower case – sapiens Therefore the species name for humans is Homo sapiens If written by hand  underlined If typed  italics but this convention is often ignored Often the name will be followed by another name in brackets e.g. (Dickson) which refers to the first person to scientifically identify the species.

3. 5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species—using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. Taxonomic Nomenclature HumanPotato KingdomAnimaliaPlantae PhylumCordataAngiosperms ClassMammiliaEudicots OrderPrimatesSolanales FamilyHominidsSolanaceae GenusHomoSolanum SpeciesSapienTuberosum

4. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.

5. Bryophyta: – stems radial symmetry (mosses) – stems bilateral symmetry (liverworts) – no true leaves or roots – no cuticle – reproductive structure are called sporangium which are on long stalks with capsules on end. In this image the spore is released from the sporangium to develop into another plant. Filicinphyta: – leaves – roots non woody stems – divided leaves – height up to 20m – reproduction: sporangia (sori) contain reproductive spores

6. Coniferophyta: – Conifer and pines – trees (100m), shrubs, – woody (lignin) stems, – waxy narrow needle like leaves. – vascular system (tracheids) – reproduction:monoecious, microsporophylls (male) non motile gametes often with air bladders for water/ air dispersal. macrosporophylls (female) ovule on cone Angiospermophyta: – Flowering plants and grasses – roots – stems – leaves. – vascular bundles (xylem/ phloem ) – waxy cuticle, – annual or perennial up to 100m – reproduction: – ovules in an enclosed structure. – pollen grains produced from anthers – variety of pollen transfers vectors

7. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda. The six phyla are classified according to features such as the number of layers in the body plant, the opening for mouth and anus and the method of support. Phylogenic studies (evolutionary relationship) relies on more genetic studies to support the modern classification of these groups.

8. Phylum: Porifera (sponges) – No body layers rather there is an aggregate of different cell types. – Support is from either silica or calcium based spicules which link together to provide some support. – Body plan is built around water canals that circulate nutrient through the sponge for ingestion by specialized cells. – There is no mouth or anus

10. Phylum: Cnidaria (Jelly fish, Sea anemones, Corals) – These have 2 layers in the body plan. – There is a radial symmetry. – Jelly fish are mobile organisms. Sea anemones are sessile organisms. – Single entrance that serves the cavity that functions of the circulation of respiratory gases and nutrient. These organisms are secondary consumers and posses stinging cells with toxins called nematocysts to disable prey. – Corals secrete a CaCO 3 skeleton

12. Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) – 3 layers in the body plan. – One entrance to 'gut' which can have many folds to increase surface area. – largely parasitic includes flukes

13. Phylum: Annelida (segment worms) – 3 layers to the body plan / bilateral symmetry – body divided into ringed segments with some specialization of segments – Mouth connected via gut to a separate anus. – Skin surface used for gas exchange. – Many marine forms but also terrestrial species usually soil burrowing

14. Phylum: Mollusca (Snails, slugs and octopus) – Bilateral symmetry with significant modification. – An extraordinarily varied group. – Phylogenic studies place them closer to annelids than other groups. – Body plan has three major features: Foot, a muscular structure used for movement and burrowing. Central visceral mass containing all the organ structures (separate mouth and anus) May have tissues that create a cavity containing a gill. The mantle frequently secretes a shell

16. Phylum: Arthropoda ( Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders, Scorpions, Millipedes) – 3 layer body plant with bilateral symmetry. – Hard exoskeleton composed of chitin. Chitin now used for surgical thread because of strength – Jointed body segments. – Jointed appendages. – Some flying organisms in the class Insecta. – Separate mouth and anus.