1. Do Now 9/22/14 1.Which structure of a long bone protects bones from rubbing together? 2.Where is bone marrow found and what is its purpose? 3.How would you classify the shape of the femur? 4.How would you classify the shape of the ribs?

2. 3 min to copy Vocabulary! 1.Osteoprogenitor = non-specialized stem cells 2.osteocytes= the CELLS that make up bones (2 types) 3.osteoblasts= cells that form bone 4.osteoclasts= cells that break apart bone 5.osteoid = semisolid form of bone matrix that will later calcified 6.ossification= the process of replacing other tissue with bone

3. How do bones grow? What do you notice about each hand? Point out some differences with the person next to you

4. Bone Growth Begins in the womb through intramembranous and endochondral ossification The process begins 8 weeks after conception, when bone begins to replace cartilage.

5. Intramembranous Ossification Bones develop between two sheets of fibrous connective tissue. Cells from connective tissue turn into osteoprogenitor cells which form osteoblasts Some osteoblasts form a matrix while other osteoblasts are creating compact bone over the surface of spongy bone. Once the matrix has surrounded osteoblasts, they become osteocytes. Example: this is how your skull is developed.

6. Endochondral Ossification The majority of skeletal bones go through endochondral ossification. This process is when shaped cartilage is replaced by bone.

7. Steps: Endochondral Ossification 1.A periosteum begins to surround the diaphysis of the cartilage. 2.Osteoblasts (b for builder) come to this region and create spongy bone which is known as the primary ossification center. 3.Other osteoblasts begin to form compact bone in both directions towards the epiphyses.

8. Steps: Endochondral Ossification cont. 4.Osteoclasts (c as in clear away) come to the diaphysis and begin to clear away spongy bone to create a medullary cavity. 5.After birth, spongy bone begins to grow around the epiphysis which will never be broken down. This is called the secondary ossification center. 6.Cartilage forms in the epiphysis called the epiphyseal disk (growth plate). Growth occurs between the ossification centers until the growth plate hardens and becomes an epiphyseal line.

9. Ossification Short Story In your own words, write a story explaining the process of a bone undergoing ossification. You must use proper vocabulary and include all steps in the sequence.

10. But… What happens when bone growth goes wrong?

11. Paget’s disease in bones Normally, as people age, their bones rebuild at a slower rate. For those with Paget's disease, however, this process of rebuilding bones takes place at a faster rate. The balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts is out of whack. As a result, the rebuilt bone has an abnormal structure. The involved bone can be soft, leading to weakness and bending of the pelvis, low back (spine), hips, thighs, head and arms. Or, the rebuilt bone can enlarge, making it more susceptible to arthritis, hearing loss, fractures and discomfort. Given that this takes place in those over the age of 40, the symptoms often are mistaken for changes associated with aging.

12. Sclerotic area = too much bone Lytic area = too little bone

13. The Aging Hand Complete the Aging Hand exercise. Share colored writing utensils as needed.

14. Objective By the end of today, I will be able to… explain what happens when a bone breaks and how it heals

15. How strong are our bones? http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/other- shows/videos/human-body-strength-tornado- boy.htm

16. Bone breaks A fracture of the compact bone, blood vessels and periosteum of the bone.

17. Types of Fractures 1. Closed Fractures 2. Open Fractures 3. Avulsion Fractures 4. Greenstick Fractures

18. Warning! Some images are VERY graphic today. Mainly the first few…

19. Closed Fracture Fracture without bones coming through skin – no open wound

20. Open Fracture Fx with bones coming through skin – open wound

21. Avulsion Fracture a piece of bone is pulled away from the main bone along with the tendon or ligament

22. Greenstick Fracture  Incomplete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified - adolescents

24. OH NO!!!! You were running around the playground during lunch and you jumped from the top to the bottom. You heard a LOUD POP! You look down and your tibia is HUUUUUGE. You go to the doctor and he tells you that you fractured your tibia….dang. How in the world will you get better in time to dance for homecoming?!?!

25. Bone Healing 1) A hematoma (blood clot) forms preventing the loss of blood from the broken blood vessels. Inflammation brings nutrients and antibodies to the site.

26. Bone Healing 2 ) Periosteum is repaired first. The hematoma is converted into spongy bone close to the blood vessels by osteoblasts. The hematoma is converted to fibrocartilage by fibroblasts on the more superficial parts of the bone.

27. Bone Healing 3) The fibrocartilage is replaced with spongy bone (same as when the bone was growing)

28. Bone Healing 4) The spongy bone is replaced with compact bone, the marrow is restored.

31. Guided Practice We will look at x-rays and drawings of broken bones With the person next to you, discuss the broken bone. Identify the type of break and explain how you know.

45. Forensic Anthropology Project (Fri) Objectives: Understand what a forensic anthropologist does Reconstruct 4 “unknown” skeletons Determine the age, sex, and height of the “unknowns” to uncover their identities

46. Forensic Anthropology Project (Fri) 1. Research and background – As a group, visit the websites provided to gain an understanding of forensic anthropology and what bones or remains can tell you about the deceased. Be prepared to take a quiz (as a group!) to become a licensed web forensic anthropologist and receive your “Medical Examiner License” that will allow you to proceed to the crime scene.

47. Forensic Anthropology Project (Fri) 2. The Crime Scene – Reconstruct the bones and gather information about the victims 3. The Lab – Determine the age of the victim’s based on their skulls 4. Facial Reconstruction – review sculptures by the forensic artist to determine the identity

48. Forensic Anthropology 1.Benita, Miguel, Marco, Jacky, Isaac 2.Oswaldo, Yulissa, Tyler, Sagar, Julia 3.Denisse, John Henry, Brittany, Audrey 4. Yentl, Cera, Priyanka, Casey 5. Eskarlet, Madison, Michelle, Nailah, Edward 6. Manny, Bailey, Roselle, Kevin

49. Forensic Anthropology 1.Bemnet, Edward, Paulina, Cynthia S. 2.Sabrina, Regina, Jasmine, Adonis 3.Cynthia C., Andy, Leslie, Dulce 4. Salvador, Candy, Kathy, Kimberly 5. Annalecia, Anthony, Celso, Wade 6. Alex, Autumn, Emily