1. Bone Fractures

2. Types of Fractures
1. Simple (closed): bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate skin.
2. Compound (open): broken ends of bone protruding through skin.

3. Types of Fractures 3. Comminuted: bone breaks into many fragments
Common in elderly people whose bones are brittle
4. Compression: bone is crushed
Common in people with osteoporosis
5. Depressed: bone is pressed inward
Typical of a skull fracture

4. Types of Fractures
6. Impacted: broken bone ends are forced into each other (ex: arm breaks a fall)
7. Spiral: ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
Common sport injury
8. Greenstick: bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks
Common in young children

5. Spiral Fracture
Of the femur

6. Compression Fracture
Of the lumbar spine

7. Compound (Open) Fracture
Of the Humerus

8. Depressed Fracture
Of the Frontal bone

9. Impacted Fracture
Of the humerus

10. Comminuted Fracture
Of the distal Femur

11. Greenstick Fracture

12. Simple (Closed) Fracture

13. Homeostatic Imbalances
Osteoporosis: when the bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit.
Bone mass decreases
become porous and lighter
Spine is most vulnerable
Compression fractures are common
Femur neck is also vulnerable (broken hip)

14. Osteoporosis Prevention:
get enough calcium as bones are developing (up to age 35).
drink fluorinated water (hardens bones)
exercise during youth and throughout life (increase mass)
Statistic: ONLY 35% of adults
consume the recommended
daily allowance of calcium

15. Osteomalacia (adults) and Rickets (children)
Calcium or vitamin D deficiency causing soft bones
Bowed legs and deformed pelvis
Growth plates can’t be calcified and the end of long bones become widened.

16. Paget’s Disease
Excessive and abnormal bone formation leaves bones soft and weak.
Rarely seen before age 40
Unknown cause (viral?)