1. Brief presentation informing us of selected European forests.

2. Germany  Forests in Germany, covering 11.1 million hectares, representing approx. 31% of the total area of the country. Most of them (61%) are coniferous forests, but in the coming decades is expected to increase the share of deciduous forests.  The most forested countries are union Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate, where the figure is 42%. The least forests spit while in the Land of Schleswig- Holstein 10%.  Most of the land in Germany lies in the temperate zone of warm, moist dominated by westerly winds. In the north the climate is oceanic with rainfall all year round.

3. Organization of forestry in Germany

4. Mammals, who are living today in the German hardwood forest, are: fallow dears(Dama dama), boars(Sus scrofa), foxes(Vulpes vulpes), red dears(Cervus elaphus), lynxes(Lynx), beavers(Castor) and otters(Lutrinae). Since 1998 wolves(Canis lupus) were detected in the eastern part of Germany. At the moment about 150 wolves live in Germany. We must pay attention to all species, because without them German woods would become normal woods.

5. Latvia  Boggy areas  There are numerous marshes - the largest of them wetlands Teicu near Daugavpils; This is a nature reserve with an area of 190 km2. There is a flora and fauna typical of the wetland environment. A large number of swamps occur on the Plains of Riga, on the coast Kurlandzki and Lowland Talavas. Latvia recorded approx. 1,400 species of animals. Staying here approx. 300 bird species, of which more than half of the chicks hatched in Latvia. Frequently encountered: wagtails, larks, swallows, thrushes, orioles, finches. In the forests - jays and tits, moreover grouse. In humid places - storks and cranes.

6.  With predators are hawks(Accipiter gentilis), falcons(Falco peregrinus, owls(Strigiformes), buzzards(Buteo buteo).

7. Hungary  Predominant formation forests are deciduous forests. In the mountains preserved fragments of forests of beech, oak and oak and hornbeam. In the higher parts of the mountains grow mixed forests, where the share of outside deciduous species is pine. Forests cover 21.5% of the country. In the south, the highlands Dunántúl are characteristic chestnuts, oleanders and tamarisks.

8. A lot of effects about the harmful of human activity on forests and their deterioration. The crucial threats for moderate climate forests are air pollution, since the1970’s, and climate change. Although air pollution affected forests in many European regions, this was not the case for Hungary’s forests. Prevailing species is pine. Forests cover 21.5% of the country.

9. Hungary is a country with a significant share of soils called,,czarnoziemy’’, and thus are one of the few countries with a significant share of fertile soils. Chernozem occupy 50% of the country of which 30% chernozem steppe. These soils cover the lowlands of Hungary. We think that the lands in Hungary are so rich that the Hungarian agriculture can be on top.

10. Greece  The country's topography is mostly mountainous. Small plains and valleys are interspersed between the mountains and constitute the main agricultural areas.  The climate is typically Mediterranean over most of the country, with warm-to-hot summers and mild winters. Usually there is little or no rain in the summer, but quite often the dry season may start as early as April and continue well into fall. Only some of the wettest locations at high elevations have more than 100 days of rain per year.

11.  Yearly precipitation may exceed 2,000 mm at those locations. On the other hand, the south-eastern tip of Greece, including the area around Athens and the Cyclades Islands in the Aegean Sea, has annual precipitation of less than 400 mm, which is one of the lowest in Europe. Mean yearly temperature varies between 14.5°C in the north and 19.5°C on the southernmost island of Crete. Absolute minimum temperatures at high elevations in northern Greece may approach – 25°C. In the summer, maximum temperatures occasionally reach 42- 45°C at various inland locations. The influence of the Mediterranean Sea that surrounds the country on three sides helps moderate the air temperature in most areas.

12. Estonia  In Estonia forests are being used intensively; 2 million of hectares (approximately 53 %) of the land is covered with forests. Mostly we have pine forests especially in northern, western and south-eastern part of Estonia. In the central Estonia are most common spruce forests. Estonian Forests belong to mixed forests zone. Conifer stands are dominating but we have also strong wood stands.  Nowadays can naturally form a forest only pine and spruce, our birch and aspen stands are temporary. Without human interaction they would all be soon replaced with conifer forests. The global system in Estonia is represented by sclerophyllous dry forest, disturbed natural forest, lower montane forest and freshwater n Estonia forests are being used intensively; 2 million of hectares (approximately 53 %) of the land is covered with forests.

13.  Mostly we have pine forests especially in northern, western and south-eastern part of Estonia. In the central Estonia are most common spruce forests. Estonian Forests belong to mixed forests zone. Conifer stands are dominating but we have also strong wood stands.

14. Our knowledge sources:  http://www.ypef.eu/ http://www.ypef.eu/  https://en.wikipedia.org https://en.wikipedia.org

15. The end Authors: Michał Szydełko Filip Magoń Andżelika Dulęba School: I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. H. Sienkiewicza w Łańcucie Class: 2c