1. CHAPTER 41 “INTRODUCING EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA”

2. I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY A. Landforms 1. East and Southeast Asia extends from 1. East and Southeast Asia extends from Burma to Japan. Burma to Japan. a. Russia to the north a. Russia to the north b. India to the southwest b. India to the southwest c. Indian Ocean to the south c. Indian Ocean to the south d. Pacific Ocean to the east d. Pacific Ocean to the east

3. 2. Mountainous volcanic islands line 2. Mountainous volcanic islands line East and Southeast Asia to the north East and Southeast Asia to the north and south. and south. a. Form part of the Pacific Ring of a. Form part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Fire. b. World’s largest concentration of b. World’s largest concentration of active volcanoes. active volcanoes. 3. Rugged mountains, plateaus, and hills 3. Rugged mountains, plateaus, and hills dominate the region. dominate the region. a. Himalayas form a boundary a. Himalayas form a boundary between East Asia and South Asia. between East Asia and South Asia.

4. b. The Kunlun, the Qun Ling, and the b. The Kunlun, the Qun Ling, and the Greater Khingan ranges all lie within Greater Khingan ranges all lie within China. China. c. Plateaus are very dry with extremely c. Plateaus are very dry with extremely cold winters. cold winters. d. Tarim Basin, between the Kunlun d. Tarim Basin, between the Kunlun and the Tian Shan ranges, drops and the Tian Shan ranges, drops below sea level. below sea level. e. The Gobi is part of the plateau of e. The Gobi is part of the plateau of Mongolia. Mongolia.

5. 4. The region’s river valley’s are the most 4. The region’s river valley’s are the most densely populated places on Earth. densely populated places on Earth. a. Rivers provide good soil for farming a. Rivers provide good soil for farming and transportation. and transportation. b. The region’s rivers include two of b. The region’s rivers include two of the world’s longest: Huang He the world’s longest: Huang He (Yellow River) in northern China (Yellow River) in northern China and the Chang (Yangtze) in central and the Chang (Yangtze) in central China. China. 5. Lowland areas include the North China 5. Lowland areas include the North China Plain, the Manchurian Plain, and the Plain, the Manchurian Plain, and the Sichuan Basin. Sichuan Basin.

6. B. Climate 1. The climates of areas outside the river 1. The climates of areas outside the river valleys and plains cannot support high valleys and plains cannot support high population density. population density. a. Gobi and Taklimakan deserts have a. Gobi and Taklimakan deserts have hot summers and bitterly cold hot summers and bitterly cold winters. winters.

7. b. Highland climates of interior East b. Highland climates of interior East Asia and the severe subarctic Asia and the severe subarctic climate along the borders of climate along the borders of Mongolia, China, and Russia are Mongolia, China, and Russia are too cold for human settlement. too cold for human settlement. 2. The region does have other climates. 2. The region does have other climates. a. Humid-continental in parts of a. Humid-continental in parts of northeastern China, North Korea, northeastern China, North Korea, and northern Japan. and northern Japan.

8. b. Humid-subtropical climate in b. Humid-subtropical climate in southern Japan, South Korea, southern Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and southern China. Taiwan, and southern China. c. Humid tropical climate on the c. Humid tropical climate on the western islands of Indonesia and western islands of Indonesia and the coasts of Southeast Asia. the coasts of Southeast Asia. d. Tropical-savanna climate on some d. Tropical-savanna climate on some of the eastern islands of Indonesia of the eastern islands of Indonesia and the interior mainland of and the interior mainland of Southwest Asia. Southwest Asia.

9. C. Rainfall 1. Extremes of rainfall characterize much 1. Extremes of rainfall characterize much of East and Southeast Asia. of East and Southeast Asia. 2. Much of the rainfall is seasonal due to 2. Much of the rainfall is seasonal due to the monsoon system. the monsoon system. a. Winter months are dry, while a. Winter months are dry, while summer months are humid and summer months are humid and rainy. rainy. 3. The island nations of the region receive 3. The island nations of the region receive rain even during the winter. rain even during the winter.

10. II. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY D. Agriculture 1. Most of the people of the region are 1. Most of the people of the region are involved in agriculture. involved in agriculture. 2. In humid-tropical and humid 2. In humid-tropical and humid subtropical climates, rice is the subtropical climates, rice is the principal food crop. principal food crop. a. Rice and other crops are grown in a. Rice and other crops are grown in water-covered fields called water-covered fields called paddies. paddies.

11. b. These fields produce most of the b. These fields produce most of the region’s food. region’s food. 3. In tropical climates, export crops such 3. In tropical climates, export crops such as rubber, tea, coffee, coconuts, as rubber, tea, coffee, coconuts, sugarcane, and various spices are sugarcane, and various spices are grown. grown. 4. In the humid-continental and steppe 4. In the humid-continental and steppe climates, wheat is the main food crop. climates, wheat is the main food crop. 5. In the deserts and high-plateau areas, 5. In the deserts and high-plateau areas, herders keep flocks of sheep and other herders keep flocks of sheep and other animals. animals.

12. E. Fishing 1. Aquaculture is an important local activity. 1. Aquaculture is an important local activity. a. Seafood is commercially farmed in a. Seafood is commercially farmed in protected bays and river mouths. protected bays and river mouths. b. Local food supply depends upon b. Local food supply depends upon freshwater fish. freshwater fish. 2. Several nations in the region have huge 2. Several nations in the region have huge fishing fleets. fishing fleets. F. Forests 1. The region’s forest resources are divided 1. The region’s forest resources are divided into two types: into two types:

13. a. Middle-latitude forests a. Middle-latitude forests b. Tropical forests b. Tropical forests 2. The tropical rain forests of Thailand, 2. The tropical rain forests of Thailand, Indonesia, Burma, and the Indonesia, Burma, and the Philippines have been depleted by Philippines have been depleted by logging. logging. G. Mineral and Energy Sources 1. Some of the region’s most abundant 1. Some of the region’s most abundant mineral resources are tin, tungsten, mineral resources are tin, tungsten, coal, and iron ore. coal, and iron ore.

14. a. More than half of the world’s tin is a. More than half of the world’s tin is found in the region. found in the region. b. The region also holds more than one- b. The region also holds more than one- third of the world’s supply of third of the world’s supply of tungsten. tungsten. 2. Indonesia, Brunei, and Malaysia are 2. Indonesia, Brunei, and Malaysia are major producers and exporters of major producers and exporters of petroleum. petroleum. 3. Melting snow from high mountains and 3. Melting snow from high mountains and large quantities of rainfall provide large quantities of rainfall provide dependable sources of hydroelectricity. dependable sources of hydroelectricity.

15. H. Industrialization 1. Japan is the region’s major economic 1. Japan is the region’s major economic force and also a leader in foreign force and also a leader in foreign investment and international banking. investment and international banking. a. Is also a major exporter of a. Is also a major exporter of automobiles and high tech electronic automobiles and high tech electronic products. products. 2. Rapid industrialization characterizes 2. Rapid industrialization characterizes several other nations of the region. several other nations of the region. a. Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and a. Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea are called the “Four South Korea are called the “Four Dragons”. Dragons”.

16. b. Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia b. Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia are called the “Little Dragons”. are called the “Little Dragons”. 3. Some nations of the region, however, 3. Some nations of the region, however, remain isolated and poor. remain isolated and poor. 4. Rapid industrialization has a great 4. Rapid industrialization has a great effect in the region. effect in the region. a. Large-scale movement of people a. Large-scale movement of people from rural areas to cities, resulting from rural areas to cities, resulting in growth of shantytowns, sewage in growth of shantytowns, sewage problems and traffic congestion. problems and traffic congestion.

17. b. Severe industrial pollution of rivers b. Severe industrial pollution of rivers and coastlines. and coastlines. c. Air pollution c. Air pollution

18. III. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY A. Population and Culture 1. Roughly 1/3 of the world’s 1. Roughly 1/3 of the world’s population live in East and Southeast population live in East and Southeast Asia. Asia. 2. Population growth in much of the 2. Population growth in much of the region continues at a rapid rate. region continues at a rapid rate. a. Some nations have programs to a. Some nations have programs to control their population growth. control their population growth. 3. A tremendous variety of cultures 3. A tremendous variety of cultures exists among the region’s peoples. exists among the region’s peoples.

19. B. Language 1. Hundreds of different languages are 1. Hundreds of different languages are spoken throughout the region. spoken throughout the region. 2. Some, like Chinese, are character- 2. Some, like Chinese, are character- based instead of small alphabet based instead of small alphabet letters. letters. 3. Some countries have adopted one 3. Some countries have adopted one official language to unify the people. official language to unify the people. 4. English has become the business 4. English has become the business language of many nations throughout language of many nations throughout the region. the region.

20. C. Religion 1. Most of the world’s major religions are 1. Most of the world’s major religions are represented in the region. represented in the region. 2. Islam is the main religion in Indonesia, 2. Islam is the main religion in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. Malaysia, and Brunei. 3. Christianity is practiced primarily in 3. Christianity is practiced primarily in the regions of East and Southeast Asia the regions of East and Southeast Asia that were once controlled by European that were once controlled by European countries. countries. 4. Buddhism is the major religion in 4. Buddhism is the major religion in Thailand, Burma, Tibet, Laos, Thailand, Burma, Tibet, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Mongolia. Cambodia, Vietnam, and Mongolia.

21. 5. China’s religions are a mixture of 5. China’s religions are a mixture of Buddhism, Taoism, and Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Confucianism. 6. The Japanese mainly practice Shinto 6. The Japanese mainly practice Shinto and Buddhism. and Buddhism. D. Colonial History 1. In the eighteenth and nineteenth 1. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many parts of East and centuries, many parts of East and Southeast Asia came under the Southeast Asia came under the control of foreign countries. control of foreign countries.

22. a. Great Britain-Burma, Malaysia, a. Great Britain-Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and Hong Singapore, Brunei, and Hong Kong. Kong. -Hong Kong switched over to -Hong Kong switched over to China’s control in 1997. China’s control in 1997. b. Netherlands-Indonesia b. Netherlands-Indonesia c. France-Cambodia, Laos, and c. France-Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Vietnam. d. Portugal-small possessions on d. Portugal-small possessions on island of Timor, and Macao. island of Timor, and Macao. e. The United States-Philippines e. The United States-Philippines

23. 2. China was also a target of foreign 2. China was also a target of foreign control. control. a. Europeans dominated its coastal a. Europeans dominated its coastal ports in the nineteenth century. ports in the nineteenth century. b. Japan invaded China in the 1930s b. Japan invaded China in the 1930s and 1940s. and 1940s. 3. During World War II, Japan’s empire 3. During World War II, Japan’s empire included most of East and Southeast included most of East and Southeast Asia. Asia.

24. E. Post-World War II 1. After World War II, the countries in 1. After World War II, the countries in the region sought independence. the region sought independence. a. Maps of the region were redrawn to a. Maps of the region were redrawn to include the new nations of the include the new nations of the Philippines, Indonesia, Burma, Philippines, Indonesia, Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. b. The People’s Republic of China b. The People’s Republic of China was established in 1949. was established in 1949.

25. 2. In the early 1950’s, the Korean War 2. In the early 1950’s, the Korean War pitted South Korean, U.S., and United pitted South Korean, U.S., and United Nations forces against North Korea and Nations forces against North Korea and China. China. 3. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the 3. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Vietnam War ended in the unification of Vietnam War ended in the unification of North and South Vietnam under a North and South Vietnam under a Communist government. Communist government. F. Political Geography 1. Political systems vary widely 1. Political systems vary widely throughout the region. throughout the region.

26. 2. Today, tensions among the nations of 2. Today, tensions among the nations of the region continue. the region continue.

27. POSSIBLE ASSIGNMENTS: 1. Video tapes on Buddhism and Hinduism 2. Map of the Far East 3. Videodisc: a. Japan Wks. (pg. 118, 119) a. Japan Wks. (pg. 118, 119) b. China Wks. (pg. 124-126) b. China Wks. (pg. 124-126) c. Philippines Wks. (pg. 136-138) c. Philippines Wks. (pg. 136-138) d. Thailand Wks. (pg. 143, 144) d. Thailand Wks. (pg. 143, 144) 3. 2 page typed paper on any country of the Far East. Far East. 4. Building Voc, Recalling and Reviewing, Thinking Critically. (pg. 505) Thinking Critically. (pg. 505) 5. Section Review (pg. 499, 502, 504)