1. Digestive System Allied Health I

2. Alimentary Canal Alimentary Canal = Digestive tract or GI tract. 30 ft tube from mouth to anus. Digestion = the process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed by body cells.

4. Functions of the Digestive System Physical breakdown of food. Chemical digestion of food into the end products of fats, carbohydrates, & proteins. Allow absorption of nutrients into blood capillaries of the small intestines. Eliminate waste products of digestion.

5. Lining of the digestive tract Does the digestive tract have an opening to the outside? Then what type of membrane lines the entire GI tract? Your right!!!!!!!!! A mucous membrane. What can a mucous membrane make? Your right again!!!!!!!!! Mucous.

6. Lining of the Abdominal Cavity The membrane, or you could think of it as a balloon, that lines the abdominal cavity is the Peritoneum or Peritoneal Membrane. It is like a balloon that surrounds all of your abdominal organs. This membrane is a Serous Membrane.

7. Lets begin our Journey! The Mouth = food enters the digestive system here. The inside of the mouth is covered with a mucous membrane called the oral mucosa. The roof of the mouth is the hard palate. Uvula = prevents food from going up into the nasal cavity when you swallow.

8. Accessories of the mouth Teeth aid in Mastication (chewing). Gingiva = gums, help support & protect teeth. Deciduous teeth = baby teeth = 20 Adult teeth = 32

9. Salivary glands = produce/secrete saliva. Three pairs of salivary glands, parotid is the largest. Parotid becomes inflamed during mumps. Ptyalin = enzyme in saliva that converts starches to simple sugars.

10. Accessories of the mouth Tongue Attached to floor of mouth. Made of skeletal muscle. Aids in chewing, swallowing, & tasting. Taste buds on surface

11. Esophagus ~ 10 inch long muscular tube. Connects pharynx & stomach. There is a circular muscle called the cardiac sphincter where the esophagus meets the stomach.

12. Stomach Upper mid/left abdominal cavity. Lined with a mucous membrane. Special cells make acid to help digest food. Mucous is important in protecting stomach lining from acid. Rugae – stomach is in folds when it is not full of food. Stomach also has a muscle layer so that it can contract, churn food, & push food out.

13. Stomach

14. At the bottom of the stomach is the Pyloric Sphincter. The pyloric sphincter regulates the entrance of food from the stomach into the duodenum (first part of small intestine).

15. Small Intestine Duodenum – first segment, curves around pancreas, ~ 12 inches long. Duodenum is where digestive enzymes from the pancreas are added to food. Duodenum is also where bile from the gallbladder is added to food. Jejunum – middle segment, ~ 8 ft long. Ileum – final segment, ~ 10 to 12 ft long.

17. Absorption – in small intestine, nutrients pass into bloodstream & on to body cells, food that can’t be digested moves on to the large intestine.

18. Large Intestines ~ 2 inches in diameter. Also called the colon. Cecum = blind passage. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The cecum is in your ® lower quadrant(RLQ). The appendix is a finger-like projection that hangs off the cecum.

19. Cecum & Appendix

20. Large Intestine Next, the ascending colon ascends up the ® side of the abdomen. The transverse colon travels from R to L. The descending colon moves from L upper to L lower quadrant. Next is the Sigmoid colon which has a curvy shape and connects to the Rectum. The Rectum is the last portion of the large intestine & is where feces awaits defecation. Anus – sphincter, external opening.

21. Large Intestine / Colon

22. Accessory Organs Pancreas Exocrine function is to produce & secrete digestive enzymes. Also has an endocrine function. Feather shaped, located behind the stomach.

23. Liver Largest Organ in the body. Located below the diaphragm, ↑ ® quadrant. Connected to gallbladder & small intestine by ducts. Functions include: Produce & store glucose in the form of Glycogen. Detoxify alcohol, & drugs. Manufacture blood proteins. Manufacture bile. Store Vitamins A, D, & B complex.

24. Liver

25. Accessory Organs Gallbladder Small greenish organ, inferior surface of liver. Stores & concentrates bile until needed. When fatty foods are digested, bile is released by the gallbladder to help break down the fat.

26. Digestion (in the mouth) Food is chewed & saliva is added to create a soft, pliable ball called a bolus. Salivary glands are under Nervous control, just thinking of food makes your mouth water. The bolus slides down the pharynx & esophagus. Peristalsis = wavelike motion that moves food along the digestive tract.

27. Digestion (in the stomach) Bolus enters after passing by the cardiac sphincter. Gastric digestive juices are released & mix with bolus as the stomach churns. The mixture is now called Chyme. Small amount of chyme enter duodenum at a time – controlled by the pyloric sphincter. Takes ~ 2 to 4 hours for stomach to empty.

28. Digestion (in small intestine) Duodenum - addition of digestive enzymes from pancreas & bile from the liver/gallbladder. Small intestine = where digestion is completed & absorption occurs.

29. Digestion (in large intestine) Regulation of H²O, vessels of large intestine absorb water from undigested food that is moving along. Bacteria (normal flora) acts on undigested food. Bacteria form moderate amounts of B complex, vitamin K, and gas. Flatulence - ~14 times a day to get out the 1- 3 pints of gas that is produced.

30. Digestion (in large intestine) Feces – undigested semi-solid mixture consisting of bacteria, waste products, mucous, & cellulose. Defecation – reflex is triggered, colon & rectal muscles contract, while internal sphincter relaxes – the external anal sphincter is under conscious control.

31. Disorders of the Digestive System Heartburn = Acid Reflux = GERD Stomach acid/chyme moves in opposite direction, moves back up through cardiac sphincter & burns the lining of the esophagus. Symptoms = burning sensation. Treatment = Avoid chocolate, peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried/fatty foods, & tomato products. Stop smoking. Take antacids. Don’t lay down 2-3 hrs after eating.

32. GERD

34. Inside the esophagus with GERD

35. EGD http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/surgeryvi deos.html

36. Disorders Ulcers Sore or lesion that forms in the lining of the stomach or GI tract. Gastric ulcer in the stomach, duodenal ulcers in the duodenum. Primary cause = H. pylori (bacteria) Contributing factors = smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs. Symptoms = burning pain in abd between meals & early morning, may be relieved by eating or taking an antacid. Diagnosis = Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

38. Ulcers

39. H. Pylori

40. Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach & intestines. Common cause = virus, could also be caused by food poisoning. Symptoms = diarrhea & vomiting. Complication = dehydration.

41. Diarrhea Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces passes through colon too rapidly. Causes = infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances, or food irritants.

42. Constipation When defecation is delayed, feces becomes dry & hard. Causes = poor diet, not taking time to defecate, immobility. Treatment = diet of cereals, fruits, vegetables. Also drink plenty of liquids, & exercise.

43. Appendicitis When appendix becomes infected & inflamed (red & swollen). If it ruptures, bacteria can spread to peritoneal cavity (abd cavity). Symptoms = RLQ pain, fever, N & V. Treatment = appendectomy.

44. Appendectomy

45. IBS Irritable bowel syndrome. Symptoms = Abd cramping, Diarrhea, Constipation. Diagnosis = When all other GI problems have been ruled out, they label you as having IBS. Treatment = Good diet,  fiber,  diary.

46. Hepatitis A Inflammation of the Liver. Caused by virus. Spread through contaminated food & water.

47. Hepatitis B Inflammation of the Liver. Caused by a virus. Spread through contact with blood or body fluids. Health Care Workers at risk should be vaccinated. Prevention = Standard Precautions (PPE)

48. Hepatitis B

49. Cirrhosis Chronic, progressive disease of the liver. Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue. 75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption.

50. Jaundice Yellow color of the skin. Caused by damage to the liver.

51. Cholecystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder. Can also have Cholelithiasis (gallstones). Small stones may pass but large stones may becomes lodged in the ducts running from the gallbladder to the duodenum. Symptoms = stabbing pain through front to back between shoulder blades, N & V. Treatment = Cholecystectomy

52. Cholelithiasis