1. The Hydrosphere
Mr. Norris

2. Day 1 Objective: I can explain how the water cycle works
I can explain how important water is for the earth

3. Distribution of Water On Earth
71% of Earth is water
97% in the oceans
3% is freshwater
2% in ice and glaciers
0.6% in underground water
0.4% in rivers, streams, lake and atmosphere

4. The Water Cycle
Water is constantly moving among the oceans, the atmosphere, the solid earth and biosphere

5. Parts of the Water Cycle
Evaporation: liquid water changes into water vapor
Precipitation: liquid or solid water from the clouds
Condensation: water vapor that turns into liquid making clouds
Infiltration: liquid water moving through the ground
Transpiration: water vapor released to the air by plants
Runoff: when liquid hit the ground but not absorbed

6. The Water Cycle

7. What does Water Balance Mean?
Precipitation equals evaporation

8. Water Facts Water (liquid) expands by 9% when it freezes
There is the same amount of water on Earth now as when Earth was formed
The average total home water use for each person in the U.S. is about 50 galloons a day
Water (liquid) expands by 9% when it freezes
Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why it floats in liquid water.

9. How is Water Used? 70% in Irrigation 20% in Industries
10% in Cities and Residences

10. Ocean Currents
Is the mass of ocean water that flows from one place to another

11. How do Currents Influence Climate?
Exchanges heat in the water with the atmosphere
Type of current nearby influences weather for an areas
Warm currents bring warm temperatures
Cold currents bring cooler temperatures

12. Current Movement Warm Currents Cold Currents
Move from the tropics to the poles
Ex: Gulf Stream (east coast of the US)
Cold Currents
Move from the poles to the equators
Ex: Canary Current

13. Why do Current Moves? Primary Forces Secondary Forces
Start the movement
Solar heating, winds, gravity, Coriolis
Secondary Forces
Influences where the current flows

14. Day 2
Objective:
I can explain the formation of groundwater and how humans can affect it

15. Freshwater Facts Primary use for freshwater in U.S. is for agriculture
In our homes, we use the most freshwater to wash, clean and flush.
The typical person in an industrialized nation uses gallons of freshwater per week

16. What is Groundwater? Water that is below the surface
50% of water used by the public is groundwater

17. How does water become Groundwater?
Permeability
How easily water can pass through connected pore spaces
Porosity
Percentage of pore spaces in soil and rock
Clay has the smallest percentage (not permeable)

18. Groundwater Layers Zone of Aeration Zone of Saturation The Water Table
Area above the water table where water passes through
Zone of Saturation
Area where the soil, sediment and rock are saturated with water
The Water Table
The upper level of the zone of saturation
Groundwater
The water within the zone of saturation

19. Aquifers
Underground layer of water bearing permeable rock (gravel, sand or silt) from which ground water can be extracted using a well

20. Wells A hole bored into the zone of saturation
Pumping can cause the water table to be lowered
Artesian Well
Groundwater rises on its own under pressure

21. Cone of depression
Occurs in an aquifer when a lot of groundwater is pumped from the well

22. Problems with Groundwater
Withdrawing water for agriculture
Toxic metals contaminating the water (arsenic, cadmium, lead)
Salt water intrusion
Salt water from the ocean enters the groundwater near coastal areas

23. Features Groundwater Creates
Caverns
Naturally formed underground chamber when water is withdrawn leaving it empty
Forms at or below the water table by erosion

24. Sinkhole
A depression produced by groundwater removing soluble rock

25. Day 3 Objective: I can explain the formation of rivers and streams
I can describe flooding events

26. What is a River/Stream?
Flow of water on the surface of the Earth that cannot be absorbed by the soil and caused by runoff

27. A Stream’s Profile Headwater Mouth Tributary
At the beginning of a stream
Usually at the mountains or higher elevations
Mouth
At the end of a stream
Usually at the ocean or another water body
Tributary
A stream that empties into another stream

28. An area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers
Watershed
An area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers

29. Is the land area that contributes water to a stream
Drainage Basins
Is the land area that contributes water to a stream

30. Base Level Lowest point to which a stream can erode
Ultimate base level is sea level
Temporary or local base levels are lakes and main streams

31. Meandering Streams
Slow moving stream located in the flat regions or territories

32. What is a Flood?
When the stream or river overloads the capacity of its channel and overflows it banks
Most floods are caused by rapid spring snow melting or storms that bring heavy rains over a large region

33. Results of Floods Floodplain
Area where water floods the land
Provides a supplement of nutrient-rich silt to floodplain areas
Recharges groundwater
Kills and causes property damages

34. How to control Floods? Artificial Levees Natural Levees
Concrete or Earthen mounds built on the banks of a river
Increases the amount of water it can hold
Natural Levees
Parallels a stream and helps to contain its water, except during flood stage

35. Flood-Control Dams Limit Development
Stores floodwater and lets it out slowly
Limit Development
Preserve floodplains instead of building on them

36. Human Activities Causing Flooding
Removing vegetation
Overgrazing
Mining
Building on floodplains
Logging
Forest fire
Destruction of wetlands
Urbanization

37. Day 4
Objective
I can explain what causes water pollution and how to prevent it

38. Types of Water Pollution
Oxygen Demanding Agents
Organic waste and manure
Toxic Metals
Acids, arsenic, lead
Inorganic Plant Nutrients
Nitrogen and phosphorus
Organic Chemicals
Oil, detergents, pesticides
Sediment
Erosion and soil

39. Oxygen Demanding Agents
Oxygen is removed from water by bacteria (B.O.D)
Fish can’t live in streams without oxygen

40. B.O.D Effect on Water Quality
All streams have the ability to breakdown organic waste
Problem is when a stream is overloaded with organic waste

41. Toxic Metals Toxic metals leaches into the water Ex Arsenic Lead
Mercury
Cadmium

42. Case Study: Arsenic in Groundwater—a natural threat
Toxic Arsenic (As) can naturally occur at high levels in soil and rock
Drilling into aquifers can release arsenic into drinking water supplies

43. Inorganic Plant Nutrients
Sources
Human, animals and industrial waste
Excessive use of fertilizers for crops, lawns and homes

44. Sediment #1 source of water pollution Clouds the water
Blocks sunlight for the aquatic plants

45. Drinking Water Quality
Drinking water is by
Storage in reservoirs (suspended matter settles
Treated by sand filters
Activated charcoal
Addition of chlorine

46. Sewage or Wastewater Composed of sewage and wastewater from
Used water and toilets
Industries

47. Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Treatment Plants Septic Tanks
Treat large volumes of municipal or industrial waste
Septic Tanks
Treat small volumes of waste

48. Protecting The Water Clean Water Act (1972)
Regulates the discharge of pollutants in the US river and streams
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
Protect the quality of drinking water
Water treatment plants
Well water

49. Water Conservation Methods
Repair leaking faucets and pipes
Landscape using plants requiring little water
Use drip irrigation
Use water saving appliances
Purify and reuse water