1. Chordata Characteristics

2. Invertebrate chordates Cephalochordata –LanceletsLancelets Urochordata –Tunicates Vertebrates may have evolved from a sexually mature larval urochordate Metamorphosis is eliminated Leads to vertebrate lifecycle

5. Subphylum: Vertebrata Cephalization Vertebrate skeleton Brain protected by skull Closed circulatory system Gills or lungs Kidneys for excretion How do these characteristics enhance success of vertebrates?

6. Fishes Very successful vertebrates –Fast streamlined body plan –Excellent sensory organs –Highly developed organs for osmoregulation –Complex behavior –2 chambered heart

7. Classes of Fish Agnatha – Lamprey, hagfish Lamprey, hagfish – Jawless Jawless Chondrichthyes – Sharks, rays Sharks, rays – Cartilage skeletons Cartilage skeletons Osteichthyes – Bony fish Bony fish – Scales and fins Scales and fins – Most efficient swimmers, very numerous Most efficient swimmers, very numerous

14. Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch

15. Figure 34.12b Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse

17. Fossilized and modern coelocanths

18. Figure 34.14 A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus

19. Life on Land Problems: No support on land Gills stick together Ammonia no longer a good source of excretory waste Dehydration Sound/light /smell is perceived differently on land Solutions cartilage  bone Lungs Excrete concentrated urea  uric acid Skin and scales Adapt ability to perceive sound, smell and light differently

20. Figure 34.16 Skeleton of Acanthostega, a Devonian tetrapod fish

21. What possible events led to movement onto land?

22. Class Amphibia Shoulder hip and girdles act to strengthen limbs for life on land Heart with 3 chambers Bladder They are not completely free from water –Reproduction –Dessication (skin must stay wet)

24. Figure 34.17 Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)

25. Figure 34.17x1 Frogs

26. Figure 34.18 “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)

27. Class Reptilia Completely free from water Amniotic egg Scaly skin 3-4 chambered heart Uric acid as nitrogenous waste Ectothermic

30. Figure 34.24 Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)

31. Figure 34.24bx Banded gecko, Coleonyx varigatus

32. Figure 34.24cx Emerald tree boa

33. Figure 34.24ax Sea turtle

35. Class Aves Evolved from reptiles Flying dinosaurs Bones and feathers are adapted for flight 4 chambered heart Endothermic Efficient 1 way lungs Excrete uric acid

38. Figure 34.27x Archaeopteryx

39. Figure 34.28b Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Caudipteryx

40. Figure 34.29 A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock (top right), penguins (bottom left), perching bird (bottom right)

41. Mammalia Hair Mammary glands Placenta connects fetus to mom (missing in marsupials) Diaphragm for ventilation of lungs 4 chambered heart Endothermic Large brains Diverged from reptilian ancestors earlier than the birds

43. Table 34.1 Major Orders of Mammals (Monotremata-Sirenia)

44. Table 34.1 Major Orders of Mammals (Edentata-Primates)

45. Table 34.1 Major Orders of Mammals (Carnivora-Cetaceans)

46. Table 34.1 Major Orders of Mammals (Perissodactyla-Insectivora)

47. Major Groups of Mammals Monotremes: –Platypuses, spiny anteater - lay eggs –Mixture of reptilian and mammalian traits Marsupials –Non-placental – Kangaroo, opossum –Young born early and complete development within pouch Placental Mammals – bats, dogs, us!

48. Figure 34.33 Hypothetical cladogram of mammals

50. Figure 34.35 A phylogenetic tree of primates

51. Primate Diversity

53. Figure 34.34 Prosimians:Lemurs

56. Figure 34.36 A capuchin, a New World monkey (left), and a vervet, an Old World monkey (right)

57. Classical Taxonomy HominidaePongidae Cladistic Taxonomy Pongidae Hominidae

59. Figure 34.37 Apes: Gibbon (top left), orangutan (top right), gorilla (bottom left), chimpanzee (bottom right)

60. Figure 34.37e Bonobo with infant

61. Jane Goodall

62. Table 34.1 Major Orders of Mammals (Edentata-Primates)

64. Table 34.1 Major Orders of Mammals (Carnivora-Cetaceans)

65. Table 34.1 Major Orders of Mammals (Perissodactyla-Insectivora)