1. Study of the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment in the biosphere Ecology – An Overview

2. Biosphere Biosphere – portions of the planet where all life exists – from deepest ocean to atmosphere

3. Levels of organization Species Populations Communities Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

4. ECOSYSTEMS ENERGY TRANSFER

5. ENERGY FLOW When one organism eats another, molecules are metabolized and energy is transferred resulting in Energy flowing from producers to consumers.

6. Trophic Levels Each step in a food web or a food chain The organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers Each organism depends on the trophic level below it for energy.

7. Trophic Levels All producers are on the same trophic level Herbivores are on the same trophic level Omnivores are on the same trophic level Carnivores are on the same trophic level

8. Food Chain A single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem that results in energy transfer.

9. Food Chain

10. Food Webs The interrelated food chains in an ecosystem Complex feeding relationships

11. Food Web

12. Quantity of Energy Transfers Approximately 10% of the total energy consumed in one trophic level is transferred to the organisms on the next trophic level.

13. Why only 10%? Organisms that have a constant body temperature, the ability to move and a high reproductive rate require a great deal of energy and will transfer less energy from one trophic level to the next.

14. Why only 10%? Some organisms in a trophic level escape being eaten so energy is not transferred When an organism is eaten, some of the molecules in its body are in a form that the consumer cannot break down and use. The energy used for cellular respiration is not transferred Some energy is lost as heat.

15. Energy pyramid

16. Biogeochemical Cycles Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous Cycles

17. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

18. BASIC CARBON CYCLE

19. Carbon Sources Rocks Ocean Soil

20. Uses of Carbon one of the primary elements forming human tissues necessary to plants, the basis of human food important to the climate system which sets the background for our environment carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) are greenhouse gases which help set global temperatures

21. Nitrogen Cycle

22. Necessary nutrient for plants Necessary nutrient for health of animals Major pollutant Nitrogen Facts

23. NITROGEN SOURCES Atmosphere Ocean The atmosphere is 80% nitrogen.

24. Acid Rain NO2 in the atmosphere reacts to produce nitric acid; NO2 + OH yields HNO3; Problem downwind of major industrial emissions; Midwestern coal power plants = acid rain in eastern U S

25. Phosphorous Cycle PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

26. Generalized mineral recycling

27. Vocabulary Assignment ProducersAbiotic AutotrophsBiotic PhotosynthesisSpecies ChemosynthesisCommuniy ConsumersPopulation HeterotrophsEcosystem HerbivoresBiome Carnivores Omnivores Detritovores Decomposers Gross primary productivity Net primary productivity Biomass

28. Vocabulary Assignment PrecipitationTroposphere InfiltrationStratosphere Water tableOzone Subsurface water Runoff Evaporation Transpiration Atmosphere