1. PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE TAYLOR SIMON DICKEY HOGAN Chapter 1 Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Biology: Exploring Life © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. T HEMES IN THE S TUDY OF B IOLOGY © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

3. You will be able to Describe seven properties common to all life. Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels. Define the concept of emergent properties and describe an example of it. Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an ecosystem. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. What is life? For each image, explain what characteristics make that thing living or non-living © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 1.1 All forms of life share common properties Biology is the scientific study of life. Properties of life include 1.Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life, 2.Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind, 3.Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA, 4.Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions, © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. 1.1 All forms of life share common properties 5.Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life, 6.Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli, and 7.Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations, as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Biological organization unfolds as follows: Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that support life, Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact, Community—the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem, Population—all the individuals of a species living in a specific area, © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Organism—an individual living thing, Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function, Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues, Tissue—a group of similar cells that perform a specific function, Cell—the fundamental unit of life, © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Organelle—a membrane-enclosed structure that performs a specific function within a cell Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds. Atom—the smallest piece of a material that retains its characterizes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Atom Smallest piece of something that retains it’s characteristics.

11. Molecule Two or more atoms held together with a chemical bond

12. Organelle Membrane enclosed structure with a specific job

13. Cell Smallest organization of an organism. Contains organelles.

14. Tissue A structure of cells that perform one or more specific tasks.

15. Organ A collection of tissues joined together to form one or more specific tasks.

16. Organ system A group of organs working together.

17. Organism Any form of life made of one or more cells.

18. Species A group of similar looking organisms that can breed with one another to produce fertile offspring. Greater Kudu African Elephant Zebra

19. Populations Groups of individuals within the same species that live in the same area. Individuals in a population, although they may look similar, do have genetic diversity.

20. Communities Populations of various species living together in a defined area.

21. Ecosystems The interactions of all living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors in a particular area.

22. Biosphere The living Earth consisting of all ecosystems, living and non-living factors.

23. 1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level Emergent properties are new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life from the arrangement and interactions among component parts. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge. A cell can regulate its internal environment, take in and use energy, respond to its environment, develop and maintain its complex organization, and give rise to new cells. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life All cells are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings and use DNA as their genetic information. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life There are two basic forms of cells. 1.Prokaryotic cells were the first to evolve, are simpler, and are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells. 2.Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists and are subdivided by membranes into various functional compartments, or organelles, including a nucleus that houses the DNA. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. Figure 1.3 Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Organelles Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) DNA (throughout nucleus)

28. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life Systems biology is the study of a biological system and the modeling of its dynamic behavior, ranging from the functioning of the biosphere to the complex molecular machinery of an organelle. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. 1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the correlation of structure and function. Structure is related to function at all levels of biological organization. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. 1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy Living organisms interact with their environments, which include other organisms and physical factors. In most ecosystems, plants are the producers that provide the food, consumers eat plants and other animals, and decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler chemicals that plants can absorb and use. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. 1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes: 1.the recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers, and decomposers back to the air and soil and 2.the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem, entering as sunlight and exiting as heat. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Energy Flow Through Ecosystems Categories of organisms within an ecosystem.

33. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4-0 ENERGY FLOW Sun Inflow of light energy Producers (plants) Chemical energy in food Consumers (animals) Outflow of heat Leaves take up CO 2 from air; roots absorb H 2 O and minerals from soil Decomposers such as worms, fungi, and bacteria return chemicals to soil

34. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4-1 ENERGY FLOW Sun Inflow of light energy Producers (plants) Chemical energy in food Consumers (animals) Outflow of heat Leaves take up CO 2 from air; roots absorb H 2 O and minerals from soil Decomposers such as worms, fungi, and bacteria return chemicals to soil