1. Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology Subject Code : 2131904 Name Of Subject : Material Science And Metallurgy Name of Unit: Introduction To Material Science and Materials Topic :Properties of Engineering Materials Name of Students: GOYANI ANKIT RAMESHBHAI 140370119087

2. Introduction Material selection is based on properties. The designer must decide the properties of a material for a part or a component under design and then weight the properties of candidate material. Material properties discriminate one material from another. To properly choose a material for given application, it is necessary to understand what these properties mean, how they are measured, and how they should be compared in the selection test. The standards organization like ASTM, ISO, ANSI, CEN, DIN, BIS etc.

3. Important Properties Each material has many properties. It is incorrect, for example to describe a material as just “strong” or “weak” as for example concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. 1.Physical: Dimensions, Density, Porosity, Structure. 2.Chemical: Composition, Structure, Corrosion resistance. 3.Mechanical: Elasticity, Plasticity, Strength, Stiffness, Ductility, Malleability, Brittleness, Hardness, Toughness, Resilience, Fatigue, Creep.

4. Important Properties 4.Electrical: Resistivity, Conductivity, Dielectric strength, Superconductivity. 5.Thermal: Heat capacity, Specific heat, Thermal conductivity, Thermal expansion, Melting point. 6.Magnetic: Permeability, Coercive force, Hysteresis. 7.Optical: Refractive index, Absorptivity, Reflectivity. 8.Technological: Castability, Machinability, Weldbility, Solderability, Workability, Formability.

5. Physical Properties A.Dimension : This includes size, shape, and tolerances on materials. B.Density : Weight per unit volume of material is known as its density. The ratio of density of material to the density of water is known as specific gravity. C.Porosity : Material containing pores within it is said to be porous material. D.Structure : In a more detailed sense, structure includes electron structure, crystal structure and microstructure. Density = Mass Volume

6. Chemical Properties A.Composition : Composition of a material can be determined by analytical chemistry. In metals and alloys the percentage of various elements which make up metals and alloys the decide the composition. B.Structure : This refers to the microstructure of a material. C.Corrosion Resistance : It is the deterioration of a material by chemical reaction with its environment. Corrosion affects both metallic as well as nonmetallic materials like brick, concrete, etc

7. Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties of material include those characteristics of material that describe its behavior under the action of external forces. Mechanical properties are the characteristics of a material that are displayed when a force is applied to the material. They usually relate to the elastic and plastics behavior of strength, Ductility, brittleness, malleability etc. mechanical properties are of foremost importance mechanical properties,

8. Mechanical Properties The properties of a material that determine its behavior under applied forces are known as mechanical properties. They usually relate to the elastic and plastic behavior of the material. Its properties are of foremost importance in selecting materials for structural machine components or constructing a mechanically sound structure such as a bridge on the river A.Elasticity : The ability of a material to regain its original shape and size after the removal of load as elasticity.

9. Mechanical Properties B.Plasticity : The ability of a material to be permanently deformed without fracture, even after removal of load is known as plasticity. C.Strength : The ability of a material to withstand stress without fracture is called its strength. D. Resilience : It is the capacity of a material to absorb or store energy, & to resist shock and impact. It is measured by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume.

10. Fig.1 An example of a hardness test that can be carried out in the lab where different materials are used and the depth of indentation measured E. Hardness: The ability of a material to withstand scratching, wear & abrasion or indentation by harder bodies is known as hardness. It is mostly measured by determining the resistance to penetration by different methods such as brinell, Rockwell & Vickers hardness tests. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material Mechanical Properties

11. Fig.2 Different materials are used, the hammer is swung from the same height each time about a fixed fulcrum. The distance travelled after impact or fracture is used to find toughness F. Toughness: The ability of a material to withstand blows or sudden impact OR The ability to absorb energy up to fracture = The total area under the strain-stress curve up to fracture Units: the energy per unit volume, e.g. J/m3 Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material Mechanical Properties

12. G. Strength: The capacity of a material to withstand or support a load is called its strength. The strength of a material may be defined as the ability of the material to sustain loads without undue distortion or failure. The strength may also be classified as : i.Elastic strength ii.Plastic strength iii.Tensile Strength – the ability to withstand pulling forces or Tension forces iv.Compressive Strength – the ability to withstand ‘squeezing’ forces or Compression forces v.Torsional Strength – the ability to withstand ‘twisting’ forces or Torsion forces Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material Mechanical Properties

13. Fig.3 The same as the toughness test however those materials that fracture easily are said to be brittle. 13 H. Brittleness: The property of a material by virtue of which it will fracture without appreciable deformation is called its brittleness OR the property of fraction of a material without perceptible warning or without appreciable deformation is known as brittleness. It is opposite to ductility. The brittle behavior of material may be due to brittleness of grain boundaries or crystals themselves Example:- cast iron and concrete etc Brittleness is also known as shortness in the case of metals which generally has no practical use in engineering and is mostly an undesirable property of the material. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material Mechanical Properties

14. Fig.4 A material that can be rolled or hammered into shape without rupture. 14 I. Malleability: The capacity of a material to withstand deformation under compression without rapture is called malleability OR the property of a material of getting permanently deformed by compression without rupture is known as malleability. In other words. It is the property of a material of being rolled or hammered to thin sheets. Gold is most malleable and lead is malleable next to gold. Malleability differs from ductility because ductility is considered tensile property while malleability is considered compressive property. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material Mechanical Properties

15. 15 J. Ductility: The property of a material to undergo deformation under tension without fracture is called ductility. In this material can be measured by percentage elongation and the percentage reduction of area before rapture of a test piece. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material Fig.5 A material that can be pulled or stretched into a thin wire or thread. Mechanical Properties

16. J. Ductility (Cont.): The ability of a material to be drawn from a large section to a small section is known as its ductile The useual measure of ductility is percentage elongation and percentage reduction of rod of material in of area of material in that on” universal testing machine”. Percentage Elongation :- the percentage increase in the original length of a road of a material under tensile load upto its fracture is known as percentage elongation of that material. Percentage Elongation = Max.Change in length / original length*100 Metals with more than 15 percentage elongation are considered as ductile matals Percentage Reduction of area :- the percentage decrease in the cross-sectional area of a bar of a material when pulled axially in a testing machine upto its fracture. Percentage Reduction of area =Dcrease of area / original area *100 A material with more percentage reduction of area can be drawn into thinner wire. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material Mechanical Properties

17. Elasticity The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation. The ability of a materiel to regain its original shape and size after the removal of load is known as elasticity No material are knoen which are perfectly elastic through that entire range. Of stress upto rapture of course, some material such that elastic limit material good elasticsity is describle in materiel used for components and structure 17 Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material

18. Plasticity The ability of a material to be permanently deformed without fracture. That property of a material by virtue of which it retains the shape given to it under the action of a force, even after the removal of the force, is known as plasticity. All metas possese plastically to little or more extent. More of that show more plastically when hot then when could All metals possese plastically or little or more extent. Most of 18 Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material

19. Fatigue Occurs when materials have become overworked and fracture or fail. 19 the failure of a material caused under repeated loads or stresses is known as fatigue failure. the property of a material to withstand repeated application of stress is known as andurance. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material

20. Stiffness The ability of a material to resist bending deformation. 20 the property of material which enables it to resist elastic deformation or deflection is called stiffness. It is also made use in graduating spring balances and spring controlled measuring devices. the property concerned with relative deformability of a material under load is called stiffness. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material

21. Creep :- the slow and continuos deformation of a material under steady load is known as creep. This property is given due consideration while designing I.C. engine, boiler and turbine components which are subjected to raised temperatures for long periods in their working conditions. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material

22. Electrical Properties Resistivity : The electrical property of a material owing to which it impedes or resists the flow of electricity through it. Conductivity : The reciprocal of electrical resistivity is called electrical conductivity. Semi Conductivity : The conductivity (or resistivity) between that of conductors and insulators is called semi conductivity. The conductivity between that of conductors and insulators is called semi conductivity. Examples – silicon, germanium Super conductivity : Certain metal and a large no. of intew compounds exhibit zero resistivity and undetectable magnet permeability when they are cooled below absolute zero temperature. This property is referred to as super conductors. Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material

23. Conductivity The ability of a material to allow Heat or electricity to flow through it. Ball Bearing drops from most conductive 1 st. 23 Sub: Material Science & Metallurgy (2131904)Topic: Properties of Engineering Material

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