1. Introduction to the generation of wireless networks News: 1.CISCO gets into wireless networks 2.Google looks into 5G networks

2. Wireless Ability to communicate with people on the move Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated radio ability to contact with ships sailing the English channel in 1897! Past 10 years the wireless usage has skyrocketed, making portable radio more smaller, cheaper, and more reliable Digital switching has facilitated large deployment with affordable cost This trend will continue even at a greater pace during the next decade!!

3. Marconi & wireless Marconi was born at Bologna, Italy in 1874 (Italian father & Irish mother). In 1895 he began laboratory experiments at his father's country estate at Pontecchio where he succeeded in sending wireless signals over a distance of one and a half miles. In 1896 Marconi took his apparatus to England where he was introduced to Mr. (later Sir) William Preece, Engineer-in- Chief of the Post Office, and later that year was granted the world's first patent for a system of wireless telegraphy. He demonstrated his system successfully in London, on Salisbury Plain and across the Bristol Channel. In July 1897 formed: The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company Limited (in 1900 re-named Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited). In the same year he gave a demonstration to the Italian Government at Spezia where wireless signals were sent over a distance of twelve miles. In 1899 he established wireless communication between France and England across the English Channel. He erected permanent wireless stations at The Needles, Isle of Wight, at Bournemouth and later at the Haven Hotel, Poole, Dorset. In 1900 he took out his famous patent No. 7777 for "tuned or syntonic telegraphy" and, on an historic day in December 1901, determined to prove that wireless waves were not affected by the curvature of the Earth, he used his system for transmitting the first wireless signals across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of 2100 miles. Between 1902 and 1912 he patented several new inventions. In 1902, during a voyage in the American liner "Philadelphia", he first demonstrated "daylight effect" relative to wireless communication and in the same year patented his magnetic detector which then became the standard wireless receiver for many years. In December 1902 he transmitted the first complete messages to Poldhu from stations at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, and later Cape Cod, Massachusetts, these early tests culminating in 1907 in the opening of the first transatlantic commercial service between Glace Bay and Clifden, Ireland, after the first shorter-distance public service of wireless telegraphy had been established between Bari in Italy and Avidari in Montenegro. In 1914 he was commissioned in the Italian Army as a Lieutenant being later promoted to Captain, and in 1916 transferred to the Navy in the rank of Commander.

4. Marconi

5. Marconi.. During his war service in Italy he returned to his investigation of short waves, which he had used in his first experiments. After further tests by his collaborators in England, an intensive series of trials was conducted in 1923 between experimental installations at the Poldhu Station and in Marconi's yacht "Elettra" cruising in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and this led to the establishment of the beam system for long distance communication. Proposals to use this system as a means of Imperial communications were accepted by the British Government and the first beam station, linking England and Canada, was opened in 1926, other stations being added the following year. In 1931 Marconi began research into the propagation characteristics of still shorter waves, resulting in the opening in 1932 of the world's first microwave radiotelephone link between the Vatican City and the Pope's summer residence at Castel Gandolfo. Two years later at Sestri Levante he demonstrated his microwave radio beacon for ship navigation and in 1935, again in Italy, gave a practical demonstration of the principles of radar

6. Marconi Wireless Installation in the Titanic Titanic’s wireless set had a 1.5-kW marine set installed at that time in most ships serviced by the Marconi’s Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd. Had a nominal working range of 250 nautical miles, but signaling more distant stations was possible. At night, ranges of up to 2,000 miles were attained. The use of the "T" type aerial afforded greater power and sensitivity, so optimized performance could be expected when the ship was pointed either toward or away from a distant station. More details here.. http://marconigraph.com/titanic/wirele ss/mgy_wireless.html

7. Growth of mobile telephony as compared with other popular inventions

8. Wireless communication Wireless communications can be via: – radio frequency communication, radio – microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication, microwave – infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from consumer IR devices such as remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA). infraredconsumer IRremote controlsInfrared Data Association Applications may involve point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint communication, broadcasting, cellular networks and other wireless networkspoint-to-point communication point-to-multipoint communicationbroadcastingcellular networkswireless networks

11. Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally. The infrared transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used in consumer product remote control units. IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 115 Kbps IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 1.15 Mbps IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 4 Mbps Infrared communications span very short distances. Place two infrared devices within a few feet (no more than 5 meters) of each other when networking them. Unlike Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies, infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or other obstructions and work only in the direct "line of sight."Wi-FiBluetooth

12. Frequency spectrum allocation Reverse channel 824-849 Mhz Channel numbers: – 1 ≤ N≤799 – 991 ≤N ≤ 1023 991……..102312…798799

13. Frequency spectrum allocation Forward channel 869-894 Mhz Channel numbers: – 1 ≤ N≤799 – 991 ≤N ≤ 1023 – Channels 800 to 990 are unused Note: Forward and reverse channels are separated by 45MHz. 991……..102312…798799

14. History of mobile telephony in US from world war II to 1960s. In 1946, first public mobile telephony service introduced in 25 major American cities. – Used 120khz of b/w in half-duplex mode 1950, without additional spectrum, using improved technology, increased to twice the size by cutting down the b/w by half to 60khz. 1960, the voice b/w was again cut to half 30khz Automatic channel trunking Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS).Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS). 1976: in NY Bell Mobile had only 12 channels, could serve only 543 paying customers, 3700 people in waiting!!

15. Introduction of cellular radio technology AT&T labs and other telecommunication companies throughout the world, developed the theory of breaking a coverage zone into small cells. The spectrum is re-used but at the cost of increased infrastructure (towers/base-stations) Channels are re-used only when there is sufficient distance between them.

16. FCC & the first AMPS system Though the cellular technology was submitted to FCC in 1968, only in 1983, FCC allowed 666duplex channels (40 Mhz of spectrum in the 800 Mhz band, each channel having a one-way bandwidth of 30 khz for a spectral occupancy of 60 khz for a channel) According to FCC rules, each city can have only 2 service providers Radio channels were equally split between the 2 carriers In 1989, the FCC granted additional 166 channels (10 Mhz) to accommodate the rapid demand U.S. Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

17. First digital cellular system 1991, the standards IS-54 and IS-136 allowed cellular operators to replace one analog 30khz b/w with 3 users AMPS were phased out slowly! TDMA are used instead of FM and FDMA Improved DSP, speech coding technologies improved it to 6 users per 30khz channel IS-95 a CDMA by Qualcomm supports a number of users in the 1.2 Mhz using DSSS While AMPS required the signal to be at least 18db above the co-channel interference, CDMA systems can operate at much larger interference Qualcomm systems uses variable rate vocoder with voice activity detection, considerably reduced the required data rate and the battery drain by mobile transmitter

18. 1G cellular wireless Analog started in 1980 and ended in early 1990s Speed upto 2.4kbps Only voice Used FDMA/FDD and analog FM

19. 2G wireless Started late 1980s and ended late 1990s Voice channels only Speed upto 64kbps Digital signalling Used TDMA/FDD & CDMA/FDD GSM: supports 8 time slotted users for each 200khz channel 2.5G evolved..with stds like HSCSD, EDGE, GPRS, IS-95B….

20. 3G wireless Started late 1990s and might be well-done by late 2000s. Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps More services such as global roaming, superior voice quality, data always Examples: Voice-only – 2G (GSM, cdma2000 1X) Messaging and limited data services – 2G (GSM, cdma2000 1X) Advanced wireless – 2G (GSM, cdma2000 1X) – 3G (WCDMA, cdma2000 1X-EVDO) High-end business/multimedia – 3G (WCDMA, cdma2000 1X-EVDO) – Complimentary access (WLAN a definite, maybe WiMAX) Frequency: 2.5 to 2.69GHz, 1.71 to 1.885 Ghz, 806 to 906 MHz 3G evolution..UMTS/W-CDMA, TD-SCDMA

21. 4G wireless & beyond Conceptual framework and at discussion point to address future needs of high speed wireless that can transmit multimedia and data to and also interface with the wire-line backbone IMS: IP Multimedia System Started in 2002 Speed promised upto 1 Gbps Beyond will be 5G with incredible transmission speed with no limitation for access and zone size. LTE: Long Term Evolution (Merging of UMTS/ and EDGE) for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by OFDMA and other frequency-domain equalization schemes. This is combined with MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic channel allocation and channel-dependent scheduling.CDMAspread spectrumIS-95OFDMAfrequency-domain equalizationMIMO dynamic channel allocationchannel-dependent scheduling

22. 5G is also coming 5G family of standards to be implemented, it would likely be around the year 2020 In 5G, the concept of pervasive networks (user can simultaneously be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them ) may be further developed into multiple concurrent data transfer paths. Currently in development: One at Houston's Rice University, the "full duplex" wireless technology, that allows wireless devices such as cell phones and tablets to both "talk" and "listen" to wireless cell towers on the same frequency — something not possible with today's 3G and 4G technology.4G technology http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44442743/ns/technology_and_science- wireless/t/g-wireless-research-nears-breakthrough/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44442743/ns/technology_and_science- wireless/t/g-wireless-research-nears-breakthrough/

23. Many wireless access choices and challenges Many (maybe too many) wireless technology choices are available today – Short-range (WLAN’s, sensor technologies such as Bluetooth or Ultra Wideband) – Long-range (Cellular) – Broadband (WiMAX/WiBRO, Flash-OFDM, etc.) – Broadcast (digital video broadcasting -DVB-H, digital multimedia boadcasting -DMB, MediaFLO) From the 70s through the 90s, most cellular systems were developed through consensus and standardization – AMPS was a technology delayed nearly 20 years due to building consensus! – GSM has proven to be long-lasting and widely-supported – also developed through industry cooperation In the Nineties, proprietary technologies emerged – IS-95 (“CDMA”), proposed by Qualcomm Inc. followed by 1X-EV-DO in the late Nineties Nowadays, several more proprietary alternatives to standardized cellular technologies have gained notoriety (not necessarily widespread adoption): Flarion’s “Flash OFDM” – Other technologies may be “nearly proprietary”, with a small number of companies driving development

24. So Many Technology Choices for service providers WiBRO 200620072008 2009 3G+HSDPA 3.9G 2005 WiMAX (fixed) 3GPP2 systems (1X, EV-DO, nxDO, “Phase II” Evolution) Flash-OFDM 3G+HSUPA WiMAX (mobile) 802.20 WLAN Hotspots 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

25. User choices

27. Some questions??? What makes proprietary technologies attractive? – Good ideas are sometimes compromised in the standardization process – Standardization process can delay product development Proprietary route has pitfalls – Lack of widespread vendor support for a given technology – Intellectual property concentrated in the hands of a few players Is there a middle ground? – Yes, when a small group of companies who can support a given technology, develop it together outside of standards. – Ex: ANT, iBURST etc – Standardization can follow, to allow other equipment manufacturers exposure to the technology and ensure interoperability

28. Where does spectrum come into the picture? Spectrum is not cheap Operators want to evolve existing cellular technologies in a manner that continues to leverage their huge investment in 3G equipment – Backwards-compatibility will be a driver Makes it difficult to find a disruption point for good proprietary technologies The overlap period becomes a driver – how long does the network operator have to support legacy subscribers while the new technology is being introduced?

29. What about Voice Services? Voice is still the killer app for cellular Without a compelling data application for 3G, it may be a safe starting point to say that VoIP will be the killer app for 3G evolution This profoundly affects cellular evolution – Air interface must be optimized for low rate, low delay service such as voice – This could come in conflict with design goal of extending high speed capabilities seen in WLAN to cellular As long as voice is perceived as a separate revenue stream rather than just another IP-based service, this could hamper cellular evolution – In other words, should future cellular systems performance be benchmarked primarily by voice spectral efficiency?

33. Mobile radio system around the world & examples of wireless communication systems?? Read on the following topics. wireless systems in Europe Paging system cordless telephone systems Naval/military wireless systems wireless systems in Asia wireless operations in Saint John WLAN/PAN/BAN/WSN/ GPS system CDPD WiFi, WiMax, Zigbee….