1. CHAPTER 14 NOTES LESSON 2 THE PROTESTANT

2. I. Definition of the Protestant Reformation A. permanent, final schism w/in Christianity in the 16th century that included Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and now the 3rd branch called Protestantism

3. B. A revolt against certain Church practices, especially the sale of indulgences (certificates of forgiveness for sins by Catholics and even for the sins of their dead relatives) in the Holy Roman Empire that were introduced by a Catholic Church official named Tetzel in 1517 so that he could raise money to make renovations to St. Peter’s Cathedral in the capital of Christendom in Rome, Italy

4. C. Led by the “Father of Protestantism,” Martin Luther,

5. a Catholic monk who posted his 95 Theses (statements of protest) on the Wittenberg church door in the H. R. E. during the rule of Charles V, the Catholic H. R. Emperor from the powerful Hapsburg dynasty

6. D. Today, a Protestant is any Christian who is neither Catholic nor Orthodox

7. VII. Teachings of Lutheranism (the 1st Protestantism denomination within Christianity) A. salvation through faith alone B. the Bible is the final authority, not the pope C. All faithful believers are equal in the eyes of God

8. VIII. Luther’s fate A. Excommunicated by Pope Leo X B. Lifelong protection by the German people

9. IX.Reasons why Protestantism spread A. Some German princes (the first “Protestants”) were politically opposed to Hapsburg Emperor Charles V B. Christian humanists (Erasmus and More) criticized materialistic popes

10. C. The printing press spread ideas quickly and inexpensively D. Nationalism: people resented sending money to Rome’s papacy

11. X. Protestantism spreads to Switzerland A. John Calvin establishes a theocracy in Geneva, the “city of saints” B. Calvinism (the 2 nd Protestant denomination of Christianity) based on idea of predestination, God’s “elect” should rule society

12. XI. Protestantism spreads to Scotland A. John Knox establishes Calvinism in Scotland by overthrowing Catholic Stuart ruler, Mary, Queen of Scots, cousin to England’s Tudor family and eventual heir to the English throne; is banished to England without her son [accused, along with Spanish King Philip II, of the Babington Plot to assassinate English Queen Elizabeth I; England beheads Mary Stuart; Mary becomes martyr for Catholicism]

13. B. Knox’s Calvinism is called Presbyterianism because these theocratic church officials called Presbyters C. Presbyters raise Mary’s infant son-king, James VI, as a Protestant; he will never again see his mother, Mary Stuart who will spend the next 20 years as a prisoner in England until her execution

14. XII. Catholic France becomes home to a large minority of Protestant Calvinists called Huguenots