1. Rise of Rome

2. Social Groups Patricians – nobles who declared Rome a republic Patricians – nobles who declared Rome a republic Plebeians – nonaristocrats Plebeians – nonaristocrats –Could NOT hold public office Both Both –Could vote –Pay taxes –Serve in Military

3. Republic-people elect their leaders Executive Branch Executive Branch –Led by 2 consuls elected for 1-year –Had to consult each other before acting –Oversaw officials Legislative Branch Legislative Branch –Assembly and Senate –Advised consuls –Debated foreign policy –Proposed laws –Approved public works contracts

4. Conflict Plebeians Plebeians –Resented lack of power –Refused to fight in army –Demanded changes Patricians Patricians –Frightened when plebeians refuse to fight in the Roman army

5. Changes for Plebeians Assembly of Tribes Assembly of Tribes Improved social standing Improved social standing No more enslavement for debt No more enslavement for debt Intermarriage allowed Intermarriage allowed

6. 12 Tables Written law code Written law code Ensured judges applied law to all people in a fair way Ensured judges applied law to all people in a fair way Engraved and hung in the Forum Engraved and hung in the Forum *All free citizens had a right to the law’s protection *All free citizens had a right to the law’s protection

7. Roman Legions Military forces Military forces Legionaries Legionaries –Well trained and desertion punished by death! Replaces the phalanx Replaces the phalanx –6,000 men  Small units of 60 to 120 soldiers

8. Treated conquered people well Treated conquered people well Granted partial rights Granted partial rights Establish coloniae throughout Italy for defense Establish coloniae throughout Italy for defense Built major roads Built major roads

10. Punic Wars 1 st Punic War Rome and Carthage are enemies Rome and Carthage are enemies Carthage was wealthiest city Carthage was wealthiest city –Threatens to seize Strait of Messina resulting in war Messina resulting in war -Rome conquers Carthage’s colonies -Carthage had advantage-navy -Rome builds their own allowing Romans to fight on sea as they would on land Romans to fight on sea as they would on land

11. Cont. Rome wins and forces Carthage to pay an indemnity Rome wins and forces Carthage to pay an indemnity Romans gain control of Sicily Romans gain control of Sicily

13. 2nd Punic War Carthaginian general Hannibal conquers Roman Spain Carthaginian general Hannibal conquers Roman Spain 40,000 soldiers and 40 elephants, tries to invade Italy by crossing the Alps 40,000 soldiers and 40 elephants, tries to invade Italy by crossing the Alps Roman general Scipio fights Hannibal and wins Roman general Scipio fights Hannibal and wins –Forces Carthage’s army back to Africa –Rome gains Spain, warships, and money

15. 3 rd Punic War Carthage was wealthy, but no military threat Carthage was wealthy, but no military threat Rome could not let go of the grudge against Carthage and decides to invade Rome could not let go of the grudge against Carthage and decides to invade Romans burn Carthage to the ground Romans burn Carthage to the ground –Sell survivors as slaves –Sow salt into the ground

16. Importance!!! Winning the Punic Wars allows Rome to have complete domination of the Western Mediterranean Sea Winning the Punic Wars allows Rome to have complete domination of the Western Mediterranean Sea