1. Introduction to Linguistics

2. Wang Zhixin 62714320, 13718743822 bben2003@publicb.bta.net.cn

3. Class Sessions 1. The Nature of Language 语言的本质 (2 hours) 2. What Is Linguistics 什么是语言学 (2 hours) 3. Phonetics 语音学 (2 hours) 4. Phonology 音系学 (2 hours) 5. Lexicon 词汇（ 4 hours ） 6. Syntax 句法学 (6 hours) 7. Meaning 意义理论 (4 hours) 8. Language and cognition 语言与认知 (2 hours) 9. Pragmatics 语用学 (4 hours) 10. Language, culture and society 语言、文化与社会 (2 hours) 11. Linguistics and Literature 语言学与文学 (2 hours) 12. Language and computer 语言与计算机 (2 hours) 13. 答疑

4. Reference books:

5. Assessment Class performance 10% (including attendance and participation ) Assignments 30% (2 short essays) Final exam 60% (multiple choice, True-False questions, explaining linguistic terms and answering essay questions)

6. The Nature of Language

7. 1.1 The meaning of “language” 1.2 Design features of language 1.3 The Origin of Language 1.4 Functions of Language

8. 1.1 The meaning of “ language ” Please explain it in plain language. He objected to my idea in strong language. -- the actual words used the style of Luxun ’ s / Hemingway ’ s language -- idiolect ( 个人方言 ), the particular way of using language by a particular person scientific language, legal language, business English -- a jargon which is in fact a variety of language used in a special field the English language, the Chinese language -- national language (used by a community)

9. “ language ” in linguistics the human communication system in general It is human specific. It is instrumental. It is social and conventional.

10. 1.2 Design features of language No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest. -- Bertrand Russell

11. Communicative vs. informative signals Signal Message sneezing having a cold shift around in not at ease the seat unbrushed hair untidy non-matching shoes disorganized

12. 1.2.1 Arbitrariness 任意性 1.2.2 Duality 二层性，二重性 1.2.3 Creativity 创造性 1.2.4 Displacement 移位性

13. 1.2.1 Arbitrariness There is no intrinsic or inherent connection between a sound and a meaning; a sound doesn ’ t have to mean a particular thing, and the same thing can be expressed by different sounds.

14. 的、地、得 right, write and rite 狗， dog and chien

15. onomatopoeia cuckoo, wow, tick tock 布谷、汪汪、嘀嗒

16. Language is social. 赵高 “ 指鹿为马 ” 的故事

17. Animal signs For the majority of animal signals, there does appear to be a clear connection between the message conveyed and the signal used to convey it. Each variety of animal communication consists of a fixed and limited set of vocal or gestural forms, many of which are used only in specific situations at particular times.

18. Arbitrariness at the level of syntax 他打了我 vs 我打了他 English: I love you. I don ’ t love you. French: Je t ’ aime. Je ne t ’ aime pas. German : Ich liber dich. Ich liber dich nicht mehr.

19. 1.2.2 Duality This feature was first proposed by a French linguist Andre Martinet （马 丁内尔） (1908-1999). It is also termed “ double articulation ”, referring to the fact that language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously.

20. He went to town yesterday. H  w e n t t u ： t  u n j e s t  d e 

21. Animal sounds The primary units have meanings but cannot be further divided into elements. Dog: woof w u ： f f u ： w? f w u ： ?

22. 1.2.3 Creativity This feature is also called productivity ( 多产性 ) or open-endedness ( 开放性 ). By this feature, we refer to the fact that we are making and hearing new sentences all the time and the potential number of sentences in a language is indefinite.

23. Duality and recursiveness brunch, smog, yuppie, quiz He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who …

24. 1.2.4 Displacement By this feature, we mean that language can be used to refer to things that are removed from the immediate situation of speaking.

25. Other important design features cultural transmission ( 文化传授性 ) specialization ( 专门化 )

26. Cultural transmission A person acquires a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes. A human baby doesn ’ t speak any language at birth. A Chinese baby is not born to speak Chinese.

27. Specialization It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Speech is a specialized activity. We use it in a detached manner. Animals can only respond to a stimulus.

28. 1.3 The Origin of Language the divine-origin theory the invention theory the evolution theory the bow-wow theory the pooh-pooh theory the “ yo-he-ho ” theory

29. 1.4 Functions of language Jacobson ’ s framework Halliday ’ s categorization Li Yanfu ’ s summarizing list

30. Speaker Addressee Context Message Code contact Primary factors of Speech event Referential Poetic Emotive Conative Phatic metalingual Framework of Language functions Jacobson, 1960, Linguistics and Poetics

31. IDEATIONAL INTERPERSONAL TEXTUAL Metafunctions of language Instrumental Regulatory Representational Interactional Personal Heuristic imaginative Categories of language function Halliday, 1994, An Introduction to Functional Grammar

32. Li Yanfu, 2001, in Hu. Informative function 信息功能 / 通报功能 Interpersonal function 人际功能 Performative function 执行 / 行事功能 Emotive function (Expressive function) 表情功能 Phatic function 交际 / 应酬功能 Recreational function 娱乐功能 Metalingual function 元语言功能

33. Exercises Terms to define: design feature, arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement Question to discuss: Related to the design features of language, what does “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet ” mean?