1. The Chemistry of Carbon

2. How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have?
Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell.

3. What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length?
A carbon atom can easily bond to other carbon atoms.

4. Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are known as.
Macromolecules

5. What is the process called by which macromolecules are formed?
Polymerization

6. When monomers join together, what do they form?
Polymers

7. What are four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

8. Organic Compounds The word Organic has two meanings:
In grocery stores it means no pesticides or fertilizers
In Chemistry or biology it refers to life—organic beings are living beings. (an inorganic being would be a robot)

9. Understanding Check!
Why are carbon containing compounds referred to as “organic compounds”?
1—they are found on Earth
2—they are found in living things
3—They don’t have fertilizers
4—They are the most common elements

10. What atoms make up carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms make up carbohydrates.

11. Some facts about carbohydrates.
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates.
Living things use them as their main source of energy.
The monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules.
Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity.

12. Single sugar molecules are also called .
Monosaccharides

13. monosaccharides…
galactose
glucose
fructose

14. 11. What are polysaccharides?
They are large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides.
Some other familiar polysacharides are starch and cellulose, which are made of long chains of the sugar glucose.

15. 12. How do plants and animals store excess sugar?
Plants use a polysaccharide called plant starch, whereas animals use a polysaccharide called glycogen.

16. Lipids
lipids are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

17. What are three common categories of lipids?
Waxes
fats
Oil

18. 15. Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called .
Fatty Acids

19. Some ways that fats are used in living things.
As parts of biological membranes
b. To store energy
c. To give plants rigidity
d. As chemical messengers

20. 17. Complete the table about lipids.

21. 18. Nucleic acids contain what kinds of atoms?
They contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus atoms.

22. 19. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are known as .
Nucleotides

23. 20. A nucleotide consists of what three parts?
It consists of a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a 5-carbon sugar.

24. 21. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things?

25. Saturated
Each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond.

26. Unsaturated
There is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid.

27. Polyunsaturated
A lipid’s fatty acids contain more than one double bond.

28. 22. What are two kinds of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA
RNA

29. 23. Proteins contain what kinds of atoms?
They contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

30. 24. Proteins are polymers of molecules called .
AMINO ACIDS

31. 25. What are four roles that proteins play in living things?
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
Some are used to form bones and muscles.
Some transport substances into or out of cells.
Some help to fight diseases.