1. Enzymes Ch 2.4 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

2. All Enzymes are Proteins … but not all proteins are enzymes SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

3. Protein Structure http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yU YQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yU YQ SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

4. Reactions  A physical reaction does not produce a new substance, but involves a change in the state of matter.  Ex: crushing a can, melting an ice cube.  A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances.  Ex: rusting, combustion (burning), cooking an egg 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chemistry in Biology Chemical reaction Physical reaction Chapter 6

5. Chemical Equations Chemistry in Biology  Chemical equations describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.  Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.  Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

6.  Example reaction: Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. Critical thinking: What biochemical process does this chemical equation represent??? Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6C0 2 + 6H 2 0

7. Chemistry in Biology  Energy diagrams illustrate the progress and available energy of a chemical reaction.  The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. Energy of Reactions 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

8. Chemistry in Biology  All chemical reactions either take in energy or release energy.  Exothermic reactions: release heat energy.  Endothermic reactions: absorbs heat energy. Energy of Reactions 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

9. Chemistry in Biology  This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.  The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

10. Chemistry in Biology  This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.  The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

11. Chemistry in Biology  Enzymes are special proteins that help to speed up chemical reactions by acting as catalyst and lessening the activation energy. Enzymes 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

12. Chemistry in Biology  A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.  Enzymes are biological catalysts.  It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction. Enzymes 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

13. Chemistry in Biology  Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions in living organisms.  Enzymes used for:  Photosynthesis  Cell Respiration  Growth  Waste removal  DNA replication  Movement Enzymes 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

14. Chemistry in Biology  The substance acted upon by the enzyme is called the substrate.  The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site. 6.2 Chemical Reactions- How do they Work??? Chapter 6 Fits together like a lock and key SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

15. Enzymes in Action http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/ animations/Enzyme%20activity.html SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

16. Compounds in Living Things macromoleculetypes elements Monomer (building blocks) functionsexamples Carbohydrates -Simple (sugars) Carbohydrates - Complex Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Water (not a macromolecule) SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

17. Compounds in Living Things macromoleculetypes elem ents Monomer (building blocks) functionsexamples Carbohydrates -Simple (sugars) Monosac charides Disacchar ides C,H,O Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Quick energy Glucose Sucrose Lactose Fructose Carbohydrates -Complex Long term energy Plants use these to store energy Starch Cellulose Fiber Lipids Fats Oils waxes C,H Fatty acids Store most energy Insulation and protection Water proof (cell membrane) Sat. fats,Unsat., Polyunsaturated Steroids cholesterol Proteins Enzymes and many others C,H,O, N,(S) Amino acids (20) Enzymes speed chem. Rxs. Building blocks Transport materials Over 10,000 Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA C,H,O, N,P nucleotides Genetic material that contains instructions for making proteins DNA RNA Water (not a macromolecule ) H, O Site of most chem rxs. in cells Dissolves most substances Insulates from rapid temp. changes.

18. Organic Chemistry  The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

19. Chemistry in Biology  Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

20. What is a macromolecule?  A giant molecule made up of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller units called MONOMERS  Monomers link together to form large POLYMERS SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

21. Macromolecules Chemistry in Biology  Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.  Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.  Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

22. The 4 types of macromolecules: CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS PROTEINS SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

23. CARBOHYDRATES  Made up of C,H,O  Made by plants Simple carbs: Function quick source of energy Types: Monosaccharide-simple sugar, disaccharide-2, polysaccharide-many Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose Complex Carbs  Monomer: monosaccharides (simple sugars)  Types: SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

24. Starch Glucose Section 2-3 Figure 2-13 A Starch Go to Section: SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

25. Chemistry in Biology Lipids  Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen  A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

26. Chemistry in Biology Examples  saturated fats: have tail chains with only single bonds  unsaturated fats: have at least one double bond in the tail chain  polyunsaturated fats: more than one double bond in the tail LIPIDS Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

27. LIPIDS  Elements: Made up mainly of C & H  Functions:  store largest amounts of energy,  insulation & protection  Water proof (cell membrane) SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

28. LIPIDS Functions store large amts. Of energy insulation and protection water proof (cell membrane) SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

29. Chemistry in Biology Proteins  A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids  Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

30. PROTEINS  Made up of C,H,O,N  Made up of groups called amino acids (20 in nature)  proteins have a large variety of sizes & shapes  If the shape changes, it becomes a new protein  Ex: when you boil an egg, the protein changes color, shape  Found in muscles, cell membrane SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

31. Chemistry in Biology  ENZYMES are special kinds of proteins that speed up chemical reactions  The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.  After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

32. Chemistry in Biology  Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.  Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6 SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

33. Nucleic Acids  Made up of H,O,N,C & P  Store and transmit genetic information  Made up of nucleotides  Two types: DNA & RNA SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells