1. Fascist, Communism, and Nazis

2. Totalitarian States one-party states which were led by individuals (dictators) that sought to control the masses to support the state was the most important aspect of society State controls economic, social, intellectual and cultural aspects of peoples lives Extreme nationalism used to gain support, violence supported, and preached war – expand the nation Reaction to liberalism and democracy

3. Fascists Right-Wing dictatorship Anti-democratic Anti-Marxists Anti-Parlimentary Anti-Semitic Promote middle class, small business, property owners, and small farmers Nationalistic response to Communism and Versailles Single party dictatorship Terrorism and police survellance

4. Italy “Bands of Combat” War veterans who felt cheated at Versailles Propaganda promoting socialism Social discontent Industrial strikes Peasants seized land Chamber of deputies became more diverse and less productive

5. Mussolini Formed Fascists Party Led raids on Socialist Party meetings Beat up Socialists leaders Intimidated Socialists supporters Felt that Socialism was more about personal gain than national interests In 1921, Mussolini and several Fascists Party members were elected into the Chamber of Deputies

6. Black Shirt March Fascists marched on Rome VEIII refused to allow the army to stop the march VEIII asked Mussolini to become PM On Nov. 23, 1922, Mussolini was given dictatorial power by the King and Parliament for one year Mussolini was expected to bring order to the local and regional governments

7. Changes Parliament changed election laws giving the largest popular voted party 2/3 of the seats in Parliament Mussolini appointed Fascists wherever possible Laws gave Mussolini the ability to rule by decree Fascists gained control of police force Fascists terrorists squads became the militia force Fascists Party controlled EVERYTHING

8. Lateran Accord Agreement btwn. Roman Catholic Church and the Italian State created the Vatican City

9. The Great Depression Corporatism Linked private ownership to the gov’t Control of labor Chamber of Deputies became the Chamber of Corporations Standards living began to fall Economic sanctions hurt Italy (ie. Allied powers who were mad ) Wages were depressed

10. The Soviet Union Civil War Cheka formed in order to suppress any domestic disturbances War Communism instituted Gov’t seized control of banks, transport system, and heavy industry Took grain from peasants to feed army and workers in the cities Peasants, workers, members of the Red Army were discontent Strikes, rebellions, and resistance show that Russians were against the Communist Party The Read Army defeated the White Russians in the Civil War Communists gain total power

11. Lenin Died Factions form b/c of differing economic ideals Leon Trotsky Rapid industrialization w/ expropriation of farm production Revolution throughout the world so that the SU would have outside support in order to build economically

12. Lenin Died Joseph Stalin Continue the NEP Slow industrialization Decentralize economic planning Modest free enterprise & small landholdings Socialism in one country Used newspaper (Pravada) to voice ideals Stalin pushed Trotsky out who was expelled from the party, exiled to Siberia, and was eventually murdered in Mexico

13. Cominturn The Communist Party wanted to establish themselves as the leaders of Marxism Joined all socialist parties throughout Europe Imposed Twenty-One Conditions Acknowledged Moscow’s leadership Reject reformist or revisionist socialism Repudiating previous socialists leaders Adopt the Communist Party name Separate socialist and communist parties develop throughout Europe

14. Great Depression The soviet economy grew more rapidly than any other nation in history Gosplan (state Planning Commission) Set goals for production Reorganized economy to achieve goals First large factory system developed in SU New cities and work districts emerge Party uses propaganda to gain support of the Five Year Plans

15. Control Workbooks for workers describing infractions they had been guilty of Not meeting quotas meant the worker was opposed to the Communist Party Rewards for those who met quotas Agriculture was collectivized Grain shortages led to kulaks hoarding grain and unprecedented violence A kulak became known as a farmer who resisted collectivization

16. The Results The gov’t controlled everything An unknown number of deaths in the countryside The Great Purges Stalin started killing anyone who he thought was against him and his party The exact number of deaths and imprisonments is unknown, but seems to be in the millions New party structure and those who supported the Party were completely loyal to Stalin New, younger members knew nothing of original Bolsheviks, Lenin, or Trotsky-All they was STALIN!

17. Stalin “Revolution in One Country”

18. First Five Year Plan 1928-1932 Collectivization of agriculture Improved techniques and technologies Rebellion of the kulaks Gov’t seized grains from peasants Famine in 1932-33

19. First Five Year Plan Goal of industrialization was to double production and expand use of electrical power More than 1500 new factories Cars and tractors Dnieper River Power Plant New city Magnitogorsk Used indirect taxes to fund the program Food and consumer goods were rationed Created a continuous work week Women were encouraged to work in the factories Socialist competition Use of propaganda

20. Second & Third Five Year Plans 1933-1937 1938-1942 Push for industrialization continued, but at a more relaxed pace Consumer goods were more available Rationing of food was gone by 1936 Standards of quality rose

21. Results of 3 Plans By 1939 SU ranked third in the world among industrial powers (US was first, Germany second) Literacy rose to 80% by 1939 Millions moved into cities School, libraries, and hospitals doubled or tripled 90% of peasants were on a collectivized farm

22. New Constitution in 1936 Two House Legislature Direct vote by secret ballot for the Soviet of the Union Soviet of Nationalities represented the republics The Council of Ministers was elected by the legislature Communist party was the only party 96% of the population voted in election

23. Culture of Soviet Russia NKVD replaced the Cheka White collar class more respected More economic opportunity Officers in the Navy and Army were restored Some political prisoners were amnestied Censorship continued Emphasis on education in science The Cult of Stalin Great Purges

24. Ode to Stalin O great Stalin, O leader of the peoples, Thou who broughtest man to birth. Thou who fructifies the earth, Thou who restorest to centuries, Thou who makest bloom the spring, Thou who makest vibrate the musical chords... Thou, splendour of my spring, O thou, Sun reflected by millions of hearts. ---A. O.Avidenko

25. Rise of Hitler Chapter 24 Lecture 3

26. Weimar Republic Democratic constitution w/ universal suffrage President elected for seven year terms Nominate a chancellor who would be approved by the Reichstag Reichstag rep. states w/ reduced powers Gov’t was responsible to parliament Minorities would be represented Aristocrats held no political privileges Civil rights and private property guaranteed

27. Background Grew up in Austria He served in WWI After the war he settled in Germany He began to participate in political meetings Eventually he started making speeches

28. His speeches Race and universal struggle of the white man Anti-Semitic Anti-Marxist Anti-Communist Wanted a pure Aryan race

29. National Socialist German Workers Party Nazi Led the Munich Putsch After his release from jail he reorganized the party Created the SS and SA SS was created to serve as his personal bodyguards and special police force Created his own newspaper The Myth of the Twentieth Century

30. Nazi At first the party was unsuccessful Slowly gained power through manipulation In 1930, the Nazi party was the second largest political party in Germany It appealed to everyone The SS and the SA provided jobs

31. Hitler gains power He was named chancellor in 1932chancellor In early 1933, there was a fire in the Reichstag building that was blamed on the Communists President Hindenburg issued the Ordinances for the Protection of the German State and Nation Ended most civil liberties Hitler demanded the Enabling Act that would allow him to make all laws for 4 years

32. Hitler Ensures His Power Created concentration camps Boycotted Jewish businesses Jews were not allowed in public service jobs Limited university enrollment of Jews and women May Day in 1933 Workers marched in support o Hitler July 1933 all political parties were outlawed He restructured the gov’t Purged civil service and judicial system Outlawed strikes Increased censorship Anyone he thought was against him within the party “disappeared”

33. Final Power When Hindenburg died in August 1933, the Germans voted to combine the president and chancellor into one office Adolf Hitler became the Fuhere