1. Effect of Biomass as Energy By Zachary Smith

2. Table of Content  Issue  Target Audience  How to collect Energy from Biomass  Direct Burning for Domestic Heat  Co-generation  Gasification  Anaerobic Digestion  Biofuels  Benefits  Problems  Bibliography

3. Issue  Should Biomass be used as a energy source in Utah?

4. Target Audience  The governor of Utah. (Gary R. Herbert)  And any other governing body in Utah.

5. How to Collect Energy From Biomass  Direct burning for domestic heat  Electric generation  Co-generation  Anaerobic Digestion  Biofuels

6. Direct Burning for Domestic Heat  This is the traditional method of burning wood, peat, dung, etc., for cooking and heat. It is still widely used, especially in developing countries where it is responsible for many respiratory illnesses and deaths.

7. Electric generation  Biomass is used to feed a boiler which then provides steam to a turbine which is connected to a generator. Feed stocks are mainly forest wood residues, and urban/ industrial waste wood. EIA predicts that by 2020, biomass will produce 0.3 percent of the projected 5,476 billion kilowatt hours of total generation. Roughly 19,786,000 Mw hrs of electricity were created from biomass last year.

8. Co-generation  Essentially the same as item #2 above, with the addition that useful heat is withdrawn from the process, improving its efficiency in a combined heat and power (CHP) arrangement.

9. Gasification  The biomass is heated in an environment where it breaks down into a flammable gas. After the gas is cleaned and filtered, it can then be used as natural gas, usually in a combined cycle turbine. Feedstocks used primarily include forest and agricultural residues.

10. Anaerobic Digestion  The biomaterials go through a fermentation process that converts the organic materials into biogas, which is mostly methane (60%) and carbon dioxide (40%) biogas. Converting methane into CO2 and water by burning it is a net positive from a greenhouse gas (GHG) perspective, since methane is a much more potent GHG than CO2. Enzymatic digestion and other catalysts are used to enhance conversion. Suitable fuels are organic materials with high moisture content such as animal manure or food processing waste. Landfill gas which is siphoned off of active landfills can also be considered parts of this category, though, in this case, there are concerns about toxins released, though some technologies claim to eliminate many of them.

11. Biofuels  This category includes any kind of biomass that is converted into liquid fuel, primarily for transportation. Most common are ethanol and biodiesel. Ethanol can be produced from food crops such as corn in this country, sugar cane in Brazil and sugar beets in Europe. “Cellulosic” ethanol can also be made from wood or paper waste as well as specially grown grasses such as swithgrass or from agriculture residues. Biodiesel is generally is made from recycled restaurant grease. Commercially, soybean oil is used in the US, rapeseed and sunflower oil in Europe, and palm oil in a separate posting. While convenient for transportation, biofuels require considerably more energy to produce than biomass.

12. Benefits  Produce energy.  Can reduce Methane released into atmosphere (if contained properly).  When used in commercial businesses you can receive tax credit from the U.S. government.  The CO2 created by biofuels is balanced out by the Co2 absorbed when growing Biomass (This is called carbon Neutral)  Abundant and Renewable.

13. Problems  Cost of building faculties and transporting Biomass/collecting biomass  Will energy production be more than energy used to collect biomass and turn it into energy.  Can take up land and resources needed for growing food.  Expensive.  Inefficient as compared to fossil fuels.  Smell.  Can increase methane released into atmosphere.  Fuels are less powerful than fossil fuels.  Can lead to Deforestation.

14. Solution  Utah should build a biomass Anaerobic Digestion power plant where they put organic waste and turn it into natural gas. They should only do waste and not crop plants like corn because that take up valuable resources for food production like land and water. The biomass power plant wood create jobs, create natural gas and prevent tons of organic waste from entering landfills. They could get this organic waste from forestry and crop, sewage, animals and municipal waste, and even some industrial waste could go into the Digester.

15. Bibliography  http://classic.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar060390&st=biomass http://classic.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar060390&st=biomass  http://www.triplepundit.com/special/energy-options-pros-and-cons/biomass- energy-pros-cons/ http://www.triplepundit.com/special/energy-options-pros-and-cons/biomass- energy-pros-cons/  http://galegroup.com http://galegroup.com  http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages Disadvantages BiomassEnergy.php http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages Disadvantages BiomassEnergy.php  http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/pros-and-cons-of-biomass- energy.php http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/pros-and-cons-of-biomass- energy.php