1. CDM project in India By Prof Dr P.S.Syed Shabudeen Kumaraguru college of Technology Coimbatore.

2. Introduction India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Objective of the Convention Objective of the Convention To achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Parties (Nations) adopted Kyoto Protocol in 1997, commits and return their emissions of greenhouse gases to an average of approximately 5.2% below 1990 levels over the period 2008-12... Parties (Nations) adopted Kyoto Protocol in 1997, commits and return their emissions of greenhouse gases to an average of approximately 5.2% below 1990 levels over the period 2008-12...

3. APPROVAL PROCEDURE FOR PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES (POA'S) The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of a PoA is required to submit the PoA-DD, CPA-DD, CPA-DD (Typical) & PCN to the National CDM Authority for HCA. The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of a PoA is required to submit the PoA-DD, CPA-DD, CPA-DD (Typical) & PCN to the National CDM Authority for HCA. CPAs (joining a PoA) that do not require any approval from any state /central agency e.g. replacement of bulbs, energy efficiency measures etc., CPAs (joining a PoA) that do not require any approval from any state /central agency e.g. replacement of bulbs, energy efficiency measures etc., The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of the PoA shall post facto inform the Member Secretary, NCDMA, the salient details of CPAs added on a bi-annual basis. The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of the PoA shall post facto inform the Member Secretary, NCDMA, the salient details of CPAs added on a bi-annual basis. However for CPAs that needs any state / central clearance, such CPAs shall be submitted to the National CDM Authority for approval as in the case of project based CDM activities. However for CPAs that needs any state / central clearance, such CPAs shall be submitted to the National CDM Authority for approval as in the case of project based CDM activities.

4. Eligibility Criteria Purpose The purpose of the clean development mechanism (CDM) is defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Purpose The purpose of the clean development mechanism (CDM) is defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The CDM - two-fold purpose: The CDM - two-fold purpose: (a) to assist developing country Parties in achieving sustainable development, thereby contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, (b) to assist developed country Parties in achieving compliance with part of their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3. Eligibility The project proposal should establish the following in order to qualify for consideration as CDM project activity:

5. Additionalities Emission Additionality: Emission Additionality: The project should lead to real, measurable and long term GHG mitigation. The additional GHG reductions are to be calculated with reference to a baseline. The project should lead to real, measurable and long term GHG mitigation. The additional GHG reductions are to be calculated with reference to a baseline. Financial Additionality: Financial Additionality: The procurement of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) should not be from Official Development Assistance (ODA) The procurement of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) should not be from Official Development Assistance (ODA)

6. Sustainable Development Indicators It is the prerogative of the host Party to confirm whether a clean development mechanism project activity assists it in achieving sustainable development. It is the prerogative of the host Party to confirm whether a clean development mechanism project activity assists it in achieving sustainable development. The CDM projects should also be oriented towards improving the quality of life of the poor from the environmental standpoint. The CDM projects should also be oriented towards improving the quality of life of the poor from the environmental standpoint.

7. Aspects to consider while designing CDM project activity 1.Social well being: The CDM project activity should lead to alleviation of poverty by generating additional employment, removal of social disparities and contribution to provision of basic amenities to people leading to improvement in quality of life of people. 1.Social well being: The CDM project activity should lead to alleviation of poverty by generating additional employment, removal of social disparities and contribution to provision of basic amenities to people leading to improvement in quality of life of people. 2.Economic well being: The CDM project activity should bring in additional investment consistent with the needs of the people. 2.Economic well being: The CDM project activity should bring in additional investment consistent with the needs of the people. 3.Environmental well being: This should include a discussion of impact of the project activity on resource sustainability and resource degradation, if any, due to proposed activity; bio-diversity friendliness; impact on human health; reduction of levels of pollution in general; 3.Environmental well being: This should include a discussion of impact of the project activity on resource sustainability and resource degradation, if any, due to proposed activity; bio-diversity friendliness; impact on human health; reduction of levels of pollution in general; 4.Technological well being: The CDM project activity should lead to transfer of environmentally safe and sound technologies that are comparable to best practices in order to assist in upgradation of the technological base. The transfer of technology can be within the country as well from other developing countries also. 4.Technological well being: The CDM project activity should lead to transfer of environmentally safe and sound technologies that are comparable to best practices in order to assist in upgradation of the technological base. The transfer of technology can be within the country as well from other developing countries also.

8. Baselines : The project proposal (clearly and transparently) describe methodology of determination of baseline. Baselines should be precise, transparent, comparable and workable; Baselines should be precise, transparent, comparable and workable; Should avoid overestimation; Should avoid overestimation; The methodology for determination of baseline should be homogeneous and reliable; The methodology for determination of baseline should be homogeneous and reliable; Potential errors should be indicated; Potential errors should be indicated; System boundaries of baselines should be established; System boundaries of baselines should be established; Interval between updates of baselines should be clearly described; Interval between updates of baselines should be clearly described; Role of externalities should be brought out (social, economic and environmental); Role of externalities should be brought out (social, economic and environmental); Should include historic emission data-sets wherever available; Should include historic emission data-sets wherever available; Lifetime of project cycle should be clearly mentioned; Lifetime of project cycle should be clearly mentioned;

9. The project proponent could develop a new methodology for its project activity or could use one of the approved methodologies by the CDM Executive Board. The project proponent could develop a new methodology for its project activity or could use one of the approved methodologies by the CDM Executive Board. For small scale CDM projects, the simplified procedures can be used by the project proponent. For small scale CDM projects, the simplified procedures can be used by the project proponent. The project proposal should indicate the formulae used for calculating GHG offsets in the project and baseline scenario. The project proposal should indicate the formulae used for calculating GHG offsets in the project and baseline scenario. Leakage, if any, within or outside the project boundary, should be clearly described. Leakage, if any, within or outside the project boundary, should be clearly described. Determination of alternative project, which would have come up in absence of proposed CDM project activity should also be described in the project proposal. Determination of alternative project, which would have come up in absence of proposed CDM project activity should also be described in the project proposal.

10. Approval Process Procedure for Submitting CDM Project Reports to the National CDM Authority Procedure for Submitting CDM Project Reports to the National CDM Authority The National CDM Authority is a single window clearance for CDM projects in the country. The National CDM Authority is a single window clearance for CDM projects in the country. The project proponents are required to submit one soft copy of Project Concept Note (PCN) and Project Design Document (PDD) through online form and 20 hardcopies each of PCN and PDD along with two CDs containing all the information in each of them. The project proponents are required to submit one soft copy of Project Concept Note (PCN) and Project Design Document (PDD) through online form and 20 hardcopies each of PCN and PDD along with two CDs containing all the information in each of them.

11. The project report and CDs should be forwarded through covering letter signed by the project sponsors. The project report and CDs should be forwarded through covering letter signed by the project sponsors. The project report submitted should be properly bound. The project report submitted should be properly bound. The National CDM Authority examines the documents and if there are any preliminary queries the same are asked from the project proponents. The National CDM Authority examines the documents and if there are any preliminary queries the same are asked from the project proponents. The project proposals are then put up for consideration by the National CDM Authority. The project proposals are then put up for consideration by the National CDM Authority. The project proponent and his consultants are normally given about 10-15 days notice to come to the Authority meeting and give a brief power point presentation regarding their CDM project proposals. The project proponent and his consultants are normally given about 10-15 days notice to come to the Authority meeting and give a brief power point presentation regarding their CDM project proposals. Members seek clarifications during the presentation and in case the members feel that some additional clarifications or information is required from the project proponent the same is informed to the presenter. Members seek clarifications during the presentation and in case the members feel that some additional clarifications or information is required from the project proponent the same is informed to the presenter. Once the members of Authority are satisfied, the Host Country Approval (HCA) is issued by the Member-Secretary of the National CDM Authority. Once the members of Authority are satisfied, the Host Country Approval (HCA) is issued by the Member-Secretary of the National CDM Authority.

12. Approval Procedure for Programme of Activities (PoAs) The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of a PoA is required to submit the PoA-DD, CPA-DD, CPA-DD (Typical) & PCN to the National CDM Authority for HCA. The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of a PoA is required to submit the PoA-DD, CPA-DD, CPA-DD (Typical) & PCN to the National CDM Authority for HCA. CPAs (joining a PoA) that do not require any approval from any state /central agency e.g. replacement of bulbs, energy efficiency measures etc., CPAs (joining a PoA) that do not require any approval from any state /central agency e.g. replacement of bulbs, energy efficiency measures etc., The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of the PoA shall post facto inform the Member Secretary, NCDMA, The Coordinator/ Managing Entity of the PoA shall post facto inform the Member Secretary, NCDMA, The salient details of CPAs added on a bi-annual basis. The salient details of CPAs added on a bi-annual basis. However for CPAs that needs any state / central clearance, such CPAs shall be submitted to the National CDM Authority for approval as in the case of project based CDM activities. However for CPAs that needs any state / central clearance, such CPAs shall be submitted to the National CDM Authority for approval as in the case of project based CDM activities.

14. CDM PROJECTS Municipal Solid Waste sector

15. Municipal Solid Waste and carbon finance Municipal Solid Waste and carbon finance Municipal Solid Waste: The Indian scenario Municipal Solid Waste: The Indian scenario Methodologies applicable to MSW sector Methodologies applicable to MSW sector Applicability of methodologies Applicability of methodologies CDM statistics in MSW sector CDM statistics in MSW sector Case studies : Registered Indian projects Case studies : Registered Indian projects

16. Municipal Solid Waste and Carbon Finance: Municipal Solid Waste and Carbon Finance: Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes household garbage and rubbish, street sweeping, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, trade and non hazardous industrial refuse and treated bio-medical solid waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes household garbage and rubbish, street sweeping, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, trade and non hazardous industrial refuse and treated bio-medical solid waste. Methane emissions can be avoided through: Methane emissions can be avoided through: 1. Prevention 2. Composting 3. Bio digestion with biogas collection 4. Incineration for energy generation 5. Gasification to produce syn gas 6. Capture & Combustion 7. LFG recovery: Emission Reductions largely depend on capture rate, typically 40 %

17. Municipal Solid Waste: The Indian Scenario Approximately 100,000 TPD of total MSW generation in India*. Approximately 100,000 TPD of total MSW generation in India*. No Sanitary Landfill sites in India at present. Municipal Solid Waste is simply dumped without any treatment into land (depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in an unscientific manner with no compliance to regulations. No Sanitary Landfill sites in India at present. Municipal Solid Waste is simply dumped without any treatment into land (depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in an unscientific manner with no compliance to regulations. Technologies considered as favorable to implement in India: Technologies considered as favorable to implement in India: 1. Pelletisation, 2. Anaerobic digestion using bio-methanation technology for production of power 3. Production of organic manure using controlled aerobic composting. Technology required in the above mentioned three options needs waste to be segregated first and then can be subjected to further processing.

18. Municipal Solid Waste: The Indian Scenario Challenges Challenges Financial situation: Lack of adequate funding Financial situation: Lack of adequate funding Slow-winded decision making: Large number of statutory clearances required Slow-winded decision making: Large number of statutory clearances required Quality of waste: High moisture content, low calorific value Quality of waste: High moisture content, low calorific value Segregation at source Segregation at source Quality of landfills: Due to the huge investment required, quality of landfills is poor Quality of landfills: Due to the huge investment required, quality of landfills is poor Availability of technology in India: Demand for indigenous technology Availability of technology in India: Demand for indigenous technology Legal situation with methane collection: No compulsion to avoid methane generation Legal situation with methane collection: No compulsion to avoid methane generation Biomethanation (anaerobic digestion) perceived to as promising Biomethanation (anaerobic digestion) perceived to as promising Government initiatives Government initiatives Implementation of a central scheme: Programme on Energy Recovery from Municipal solid Implementation of a central scheme: Programme on Energy Recovery from Municipal solid waste, financial assistance provided for setting up pilot projects waste, financial assistance provided for setting up pilot projects

19. Large scale methodologies applicable to Municipal solid waste sector AM0025 Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes AM0025 Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes AM0039 Methane emissions reduction from organic waste water and bioorganic solid waste using co composting AM0039 Methane emissions reduction from organic waste water and bioorganic solid waste using co composting AM0053 Biogenic methane injection to a natural gas distribution grid AM0053 Biogenic methane injection to a natural gas distribution grid ACM0001 Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project activities ACM0001 Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project activities ACM0002 Consolidated methodology for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources ACM0002 Consolidated methodology for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources ACM0003 Emission reduction through partial substitution of fossil fuels with alternative fuels or less carbon intensive fuels in cement manufacture” ACM0003 Emission reduction through partial substitution of fossil fuels with alternative fuels or less carbon intensive fuels in cement manufacture”

20. Small scale methodologies applicable to Municipal solid waste sector AMS-I.A. Electricity generation by the user AMS-I.A. Electricity generation by the user AMS-I.C. Thermal energy for the user with or without electricity AMS-I.C. Thermal energy for the user with or without electricity AMS-I.D. Grid connected renewable electricity generation AMS-I.D. Grid connected renewable electricity generation AMS-III.E. Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through controlled combustion, gasification or mechanical / thermal treatment AMS-III.E. Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through controlled combustion, gasification or mechanical / thermal treatment AMS-III.F. Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through composting AMS-III.F. Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through composting AMS-III.G. Landfill methane recovery AMS-III.G. Landfill methane recovery AMS-III.L. Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled pyrolysis AMS-III.L. Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled pyrolysis

21. Applicability of Methodologies Methodology: AM0025 Methodology: AM0025 Applicability Applicability The project activity involves one or a combination of the following waste treatment options for the fresh waste that in a given year would have otherwise been disposed of in a landfill: The project activity involves one or a combination of the following waste treatment options for the fresh waste that in a given year would have otherwise been disposed of in a landfill: a composting process in aerobic conditions; a composting process in aerobic conditions; gasification to produce syn gas and its use; gasification to produce syn gas and its use; anaerobic digestion with biogas collection and flaring and/or its use; anaerobic digestion with biogas collection and flaring and/or its use; mechanical/thermal treatment process to produce refuse- derived fuel (RDF)/stabilized biomass (SB) and its use. mechanical/thermal treatment process to produce refuse- derived fuel (RDF)/stabilized biomass (SB) and its use. incineration of fresh waste for energy generation, electricity and/or heat. incineration of fresh waste for energy generation, electricity and/or heat.

22. Methodology: AM0039 Applicability Applicability The methodology is applicable to project activities that avoid methane emissions: Resulting from anaerobic degradation of the organic wastewater in open lagoons or storage tanks; and The methodology is applicable to project activities that avoid methane emissions: Resulting from anaerobic degradation of the organic wastewater in open lagoons or storage tanks; and From natural decay of bioorganic solid waste in landfills. From natural decay of bioorganic solid waste in landfills. The bioorganic solid waste can be of a single type or multiple types mixed in different proportions. The proportions and characteristics of different types of bioorganic waste processed in the project activity has to be determined, in order to apply multiphase landfill gas generation model The bioorganic solid waste can be of a single type or multiple types mixed in different proportions. The proportions and characteristics of different types of bioorganic waste processed in the project activity has to be determined, in order to apply multiphase landfill gas generation model The project activity should employ co-composting process for treatment of the organic wastewater and bioorganic waste The project activity should employ co-composting process for treatment of the organic wastewater and bioorganic waste

23. Methodology: AM0053 Applicability Applicability The methodology is applicable to project activities that process and upgrade biogas to the quality of natural gas and distributes it as energy via natural gas distribution grid. The methodology is applicable to project activities that process and upgrade biogas to the quality of natural gas and distributes it as energy via natural gas distribution grid. The source of biogas, which is generated by an anaerobic decomposition of organic matter,could be landfills, liquid waste treatment, animal waste management systems, etc. The source of biogas, which is generated by an anaerobic decomposition of organic matter,could be landfills, liquid waste treatment, animal waste management systems, etc. The biogas used in the project activity was either vented or flared prior to implementation of the project activity and would continue to be either vented or flared in the absence of the project activity. The biogas used in the project activity was either vented or flared prior to implementation of the project activity and would continue to be either vented or flared in the absence of the project activity.

24. Methodology: ACM0001 Applicability Applicability This methodology is applicable to landfill gas capture project activities, where the baseline scenario is the partial or total atmospheric release of the gas and the project activities include situations such as: This methodology is applicable to landfill gas capture project activities, where the baseline scenario is the partial or total atmospheric release of the gas and the project activities include situations such as: The captured gas is flared; and/or The captured gas is used to produce energy (e.g. electricity/thermal energy); The captured gas is flared; and/or The captured gas is used to produce energy (e.g. electricity/thermal energy); The captured gas is used to supply consumers through natural gas distribution network. If emissions reductions are claimed for displacing The captured gas is used to supply consumers through natural gas distribution network. If emissions reductions are claimed for displacing natural gas, project activities may use approved methodology AM0053. natural gas, project activities may use approved methodology AM0053.

25. Methodology: ACM0003 Applicability Applicability The methodology is applicable to project activities in the cement industry where fossil fuel(s) used in an existing clinker production facility are partially replaced by one or more carbon intensive fossil fuel(s) and/or alternative fuels The methodology is applicable to project activities in the cement industry where fossil fuel(s) used in an existing clinker production facility are partially replaced by one or more carbon intensive fossil fuel(s) and/or alternative fuels In case of project activities using biomass residues or renewable biomass, the following applicability conditions apply: In case of project activities using biomass residues or renewable biomass, the following applicability conditions apply: The biomass is not chemically processed The biomass is not chemically processed The biomass used by the project facility is stored under aerobic conditions The biomass used by the project facility is stored under aerobic conditions

26. Methodology: AMS-III.E. Applicability Applicability This project category comprises measures that avoid the production of methane from biomass or other organic matter that: Would have otherwise been left to decay under clearly anaerobic conditions throughout the crediting period in a solid waste disposal site without methane recovery This project category comprises measures that avoid the production of methane from biomass or other organic matter that: Would have otherwise been left to decay under clearly anaerobic conditions throughout the crediting period in a solid waste disposal site without methane recovery or or Is already deposited in a waste disposal site without methane recovery. Is already deposited in a waste disposal site without methane recovery. Due to the project activity, decay of the wastes above is prevented through one of the followingmeasures: Due to the project activity, decay of the wastes above is prevented through one of the followingmeasures: Controlled combustion. Controlled combustion. Gasification to produce syn gas/producer gas. Gasification to produce syn gas/producer gas. Mechanical/thermal treatment to produce refuse-derived fuel (RDF) or stabilized biomass (SB) Mechanical/thermal treatment to produce refuse-derived fuel (RDF) or stabilized biomass (SB) Applicability Applicability Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually Project activity does not recover or combust methane Project activity does not recover or combust methane

27. Methodology: AMS-III.F. Applicability Applicability This project category comprises measures to avoid the production of methane from biomass or other organic matter that would have otherwise been left to decay anaerobically in a solid waste disposal site without methane recovery. This project category comprises measures to avoid the production of methane from biomass or other organic matter that would have otherwise been left to decay anaerobically in a solid waste disposal site without methane recovery. The project activity does not recover or combust methane (unlike AMS III.G), and does not undertake controlled combustion of the waste (unlike AMS III E). The project activity does not recover or combust methane (unlike AMS III.G), and does not undertake controlled combustion of the waste (unlike AMS III E). Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually. Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually. This category is also applicable for co-composting wastewater and solid biomass waste This category is also applicable for co-composting wastewater and solid biomass waste

28. Methodology: AMS-III.G. Applicability Applicability This project category comprises measures to capture and combust methane from This project category comprises measures to capture and combust methane from landfills (i.e.,solid waste disposal sites) used for disposal of residues from human landfills (i.e.,solid waste disposal sites) used for disposal of residues from human activities including municipal,industrial, and other solid wastes containing biodegradable activities including municipal,industrial, and other solid wastes containing biodegradable organic matter. organic matter. If the recovered methane is used for heat or electricity generation the project can use a If the recovered methane is used for heat or electricity generation the project can use a corresponding methodology under type I project activities. corresponding methodology under type I project activities. Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually. 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually.

29. Methodology: AMS-III.L. Applicability Applicability This project category comprises measures that avoid the production of methane from This project category comprises measures that avoid the production of methane from biogenic organic matter that would have otherwise been left to decay under clearly biogenic organic matter that would have otherwise been left to decay under clearly anaerobic conditions till the end of the crediting period in a solid waste disposal site anaerobic conditions till the end of the crediting period in a solid waste disposal site without methane recovery. Due to the project activity, decay is prevented through without methane recovery. Due to the project activity, decay is prevented through controlled pyrolysis controlled pyrolysis Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to Measures are limited to those that result in emission reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually. 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually.